List of pharaohs

Template:Short description Template:Multiple issues Template:Infobox former monarchy The title "pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty, Template:Circa 1400 BC. Along with the title pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties.

Egypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of pharaoh. The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time.

Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daza in 314 AD.

The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.Template:TOC limit

Ancient Egyptian king listsEdit

Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records and, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report.<ref>Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London 2012, Template:ISBN, p. 50.</ref> An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective.

The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created):<ref>Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London 2012, Template:ISBN, p. 61.</ref>

Den seal impressions (1st Dynasty); found on a cylinder seal in Den's tomb. It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names.<ref name=josep>Template:Cite book</ref>
Palermo Stone (5th Dynasty); carved on an olivine-basalt slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete.
Giza writing board (6th Dynasty); painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood. Very selective.
South Saqqara Stone (6th Dynasty); carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective.
Karnak King List (18th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective.
Abydos King List of Seti I (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting some of the Kings from First Intermediate Period and all the kings from Second Intermediate Period of Egypt.
Abydos King List of Ramesses II (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective, today damaged.
Ramesseum king list (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Contains most of the New Kingdom pharaohs up to Ramesses II.
Saqqara Tablet (19th Dynasty), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st Dynasty for unknown reasons.
Turin King List (19th Dynasty); written with red and black ink on papyrus. Likely the most complete king-list in history, today damaged.
Medinet Habu king list (20th Dynasty); carved on limestone and very similar to the Ramesseum king list.
Genealogy of Ankhefensekhmet (22nd Dynasty); carved on limestone, today damaged.
Manetho's Aegyptiaca (Greek Period); possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious.

Predynastic PeriodEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}The Predynastic Period ends Template:Circa 3100 BC when Egypt was first unified as a single kingdom.

Lower EgyptEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Lower Egypt geographically consists of the northern Nile and the Nile delta.

The following list may be incomplete:

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg	[...]pu<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Only known from the Palermo stone<ref name="ReferenceC">Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, Template:ISBN, p. 259.</ref>	Unknown
File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg	Hsekiu / Seka	Only known from the Palermo stone<ref name="ReferenceC"/>	Unknown
File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg	Khayu	Only known from the Palermo stone<ref>Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, Template:ISBN, p. 139.</ref>	Unknown
File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg	Tiu / Teyew	Only known from the Palermo stone<ref>Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, Template:ISBN, p. 199.</ref>	Unknown
File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg	Thesh / Tjesh	Only known from the Palermo stone<ref>Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, Template:ISBN, p. 138.</ref>	Unknown
File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg	Neheb	Only known from the Palermo stone<ref>Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, Template:ISBN, p. 181.</ref>	Unknown
File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg	Wazner	Only known from the Palermo stone<ref>Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, Template:ISBN, p. 311.</ref>	Template:Circa 3290 BC
File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg	Mekh	Only known from the Palermo stone<ref name="Thomas Schneider 2002, p. 137">Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, Template:ISBN, p. 137.</ref>	Unknown
File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg	[...]a<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Only known from the Palermo stone<ref name="Thomas Schneider 2002, p. 137" />	Unknown
File:Hedju.png	Hedju Hor	Only known from two clay jugs from Tura, Egypt	Naqada II Template:Circa 3250 BC
File:Serekhs Ny Hor.jpg	Ny-Hor	Only known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and Nagada. Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name "Narmer".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Naqada II Template:Circa 3240 BC
File:Ni-Neith.png	Ni-Neith	Only known from inscriptions in Helwan. Reading of name is uncertain.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Circa 3230 BC
File:Serekhs-Hat Hor.jpg	Hat-Hor	Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name "Narmer".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Circa 3220 BC
File:Serech Double-Falcon.png	[Double Falcon]	May also have ruled in Upper Egypt	Template:Circa 3210 BC
Template:Css Image Crop	Wash	Only known from the Narmer Palette<ref>Felde, Rolf: Gottheiten, Pharaonen und Beamte im alten Ägypten, Norderstedt 2017, S. 125.</ref>	Template:Circa 3150 BC

Upper EgyptEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Upper Egypt refers to the region up-river to the south of Lower Egypt.

Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 0:

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
File:Pharaoh A serekh.svg	A (?)	Only known from a graffito discovered in the Western Desert in 2004.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This ruler is otherwise unattested.	Template:Circa 3180 BC
	[Finger Snail]	The existence of this king is very doubtful.<ref name=kemp233>Barry Kemp (a1), Andrew Boyce and James Harrell, The Colossi from the Early Shrine at Coptos in Egypt, in: Cambridge Archaeological Journal Volume 10, Issue 2 April 2000, 233</ref>	Naqada III
—	[Fish]<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Only known from artifacts that bear his mark. He most likely never existed.<ref name=kemp233/>	Naqada III
File:Pen-abu.png	[Elephant]<ref>Ludwig David Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 205). Fribourg 2004, Template:ISBN, p. 91.</ref>	More than likely never existed	Naqada III
	[Stork]<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	<ref name=kemp233/>	Naqada III
	[Bull]	<ref name=kemp233/>	Template:Circa 3280 BC Naqada III
File:Skorpion name.svg	[Scorpion I]		Template:Circa 3255 BC

Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0Edit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0".Template:Clarify

The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete:

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
File:Tarkhan crocodile.gif	[Crocodile]	Potentially read Shendjw; identity and existence are disputed.<ref>Günter Dreyer: Horus Krokodil, ein Gegenkönig der Dynastie 0. In: Renee Friedman and Barbara Adams (Hrsg.): The Followers of Horus, Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, 1949–1990 (= Egyptian Studies Association Publication, vol. 2). Oxbow Publications, Bloomington (IN) 1992, Template:ISBN, p. 259–263.</ref>	Template:Circa 3170 BC {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Iry Hor name.jpg	Iry-Hor	Correct chronological position unclear.<ref>P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene. In: Bulletin de L'Institute Français D'Archéologie Orientale (BIFAO) 112. Ausgabe 2012, S. 381–395.</ref>	Template:Circa 3170 BC {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Ka vessel.JPG	Ka	Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear.<ref>Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol. 49. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, Template:ISBN, p. 36–37.</ref>	Template:Circa 3170 BC {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Kingscorpion.jpg	[Scorpion II]	Potentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as Narmer.<ref>Toby Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategy, Society and Security. Routeledge, London 1999, Template:ISBN, p. 38, 56 & 57.</ref>	Template:Circa 3170 BC {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}

Early Dynastic PeriodEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from Template:Circa 3100 to 2686 BC.<ref name="Stewart77">Template:Cite book</ref>

First DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The First Dynasty ruled from Template:Circa 3100 to Template:Circa 2890 BC.<ref name="Stewart81">Template:Cite book</ref>

Image	Name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png	Narmer	Menes?	Believed by many scholars to be the same person as Menes, due to the preponderance of evidence indicating this.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite journal</ref> His name is widely attested across Egypt, and has also been found at Nahal Tillah in Israel, which is much farther afield than his predecessors.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	c. 3150 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
File:GlazedFiaenceVesselFragmentNameOfAha-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg	Hor-Aha	Teti	Greek form: Athotís.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> May also be Menes although Narmer is more likely.<ref name="auto"/> Trade was largely replaced by direct exploitation of resources via outposts during his reign.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 71">Template:Cite book</ref> Possibly the son of Narmer.	Template:Circa 3050 BC
File:Djer cylinder seal.png	Djer<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Iti	Greek form: Kénkenes. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. First pharaoh with a full Golden Horus name. Interest and trade with Egypt's North Eastern borders appears to have been renewed during Djer's reign.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 71"/>	41 years, Template:Circa 3000 BC<ref>Wolfgang Helck: Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit (= Ägyptologische Abhandlungen (ÄA), Vol. 45). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987, Template:ISBN, p. 124.</ref>
File:Egypte louvre 290.jpg	Djet<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Ita	Greek form: Ouenephes. Indications show that Djet did not reign for long.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	10 years, Template:Circa 2980 BC<ref name="helck">Wolfgang Helck: Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit (Agyptologische Abhandlungen), Template:ISBN, O. Harrassowitz (1987), p. 124</ref>
File:Merneith stele.jpg	Merneith	—	Possibly the first female pharaoh of Egypt. She may have ruled as regent for her son Den. Her tomb is notable for being on the same scale as other tombs of other kings of that period.	Template:Circa 2950 BC
File:Den label.jpg	Den<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Sepati	Greek form: Ousaphaidos. Den was the first pharaoh to have a Nesut-biti (dual king) name, and is the first pharaoh attested wearing the double crown (pschent) of upper and lower Egypt.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 75">Template:Cite book</ref> A second sed festival is attested from his reign, indicating he enjoyed a long time in power.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 75"/> Den focused on the northeastern part of Egypt during his reign, and also led a few small battles in the northeast which are attested on the Palermo stone.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Circa 2965 - Template:Circa 2923 BC<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
File:Anedjib Closeup.jpg	Adjib	Merybiap	Greek form: Miebidós.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Known for his ominous nebwy-title.<ref>Nicolas-Christophe Grimal: A History of Ancient Egypt. Blackwell, Oxford UK / Cambridge USA 1992, Template:ISBN, p. 53.</ref>	9 years, Template:Circa 2930 BC
File:PotterySherdWithNameOfSemerkhet-PetrieMuseum-August21-08.jpg	Semerkhet	Semsu	Greek form: Semempsés.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo Stone. Many stone vessels of his predecessor were found reinscribed for Semerkhet so he may have been a usurper.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	8.5 years, Template:Circa 2920 BC<ref name="helck"/>
File:CroppedStelaOfQaa.JPG	Qa'a	Qebeh	Greek form: Bienékhes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs.	34 years, Template:Circa 2916 BC
File:Sneferka.png	Sneferka	–	Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown.	Template:Circa 2900 BC
File:BirdFraegment.png	[Horus Bird]	–	Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown.	Template:Circa 2900 BC

Second DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Second Dynasty ruled from Template:Circa 2890 to 2686 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Hotepsekhemwy.jpg	Hotepsekhemwy<ref>Wilkinson (1999) pp. 83–84</ref>	Bedjatau	Manetho names him Boëthos and reports that under this ruler an earthquake killed many people. Hotepsekhemwy broke the tradition of being buried at the Abydos royal cemetery at Umm-el-Qa'ab, where most of the 1st dynasty kings are buried, and chose to be buried at Saqqara instead to be closer to the capital.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 83">Template:Cite book</ref>	27 years, Template:Circa 2890 BC
File:Nebra Hotepsekhemwy vase.png	Nebra<ref>Dietrich Wildung: Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil I. Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien. In: Münchener Ägyptologische Studien, vol. 17. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich/Berlin 1969, p. 31–33.</ref>	Kakau	Greek form: Kaíechós (after the Ramesside cartouche name Kakaw). First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg.	12 years, Template:Circa 2850 BC
File:Statue nynetjer RMO.jpg	Nynetjer<ref>Wilkinson (1999) p. 79</ref>	Banetjer	Greek form: Binóthris. May have divided Egypt between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs.	Template:Circa 2775 - Template:Circa 2730 BC
File:Sigil of Pharaoh Hor-Ba.png	Ba	–	May have been an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer. Alternatively, he may have ruled in the 1st or 3rd dynasties or be the same person as Horus Bird.	Unknown
File:Weneg.png	Weneg-Nebty<ref>Wilkinson (1999) pp. 87–88</ref>	–	Greek form: Ougotlas / Tlás. Could be an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer or the same as Peribsen, Sekhemib-Perenmaat, or Raneb.	Template:Circa 2740 BC
File:Abydos KL 02-04 n12.jpg	Wadjenes	Wadjenes	Greek form: Tlas May have been a misinterpretation of the hieroglyphic sign of a flower called Weneg. May have been a crown prince or be the same person as Weneg-Nebty.	Template:Circa 2740 BC
File:Nubnefer.png	Nubnefer	–	May have been the birth name of Nebra. May either be the successor of Wadjenes or Nynetjer.	Unknown
File:Abydos KL 02-05 n13.jpg	Senedj<ref>Pascal Vernus, Jean Yoyotte, The Book of the Pharaohs, Cornell University Press 2003, p. 27</ref>		Greek form: Sethenes. Possibly the same person as Peribsen. This, however, is highly disputed.<ref>Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich/Berlin 1984, Template:ISBN, p. 171.</ref>	47 years (supposedly)
File:Peribsen.jpg	Seth-Peribsen	Peribsen	Used a Seth-animal above his serekh rather than a Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials, nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt.<ref>Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London/New York 2002, Template:ISBN, p. 75–76.</ref>	Template:Circa 2740 BC
File:CalciteVesselFragmentNameOfSekhemibPerenmmat-BritishMuseum-August21-08 retouched.jpg	Sekhemib	Sekhemib-Perenmaat	Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen.<ref>Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. 2. verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, S. 44–45.</ref>	Template:Circa 2720 BC
File:Abydos KL 03-05 n19.jpg	Neferkara I		Greek form: Néphercherés. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested.	Template:Circa 2740 BC
File:Neferkasokar-inscription.png	Neferkasokar	Greek form: Sesóchris. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long-lasting drought.<ref>Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, Template:ISBN, page 175.</ref>	8 years, Template:Circa 2740 BC
File:Serekh Horus Sa.png	Horus Sa	–	May have been a short form of the Horus-name Sanakht. May have been the Horus-name of Weneg or Senedj, correct chronological position unclear.	Unknown
File:Hudjefasaqqara.png	– ("Hudjefa")		Known only from Ramesside king lists, his "name" is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times.	11 years (according to the Turin Canon)
File:Khasekhem oxford2.jpg	Khasekhemwy<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 83"/>	Beb(e)ty	Greek form: Chenerés. It is probable that when Khasekhem acceded kingship he was a ruler of upper Egypt, he led campaigns against lower Egypt that ended in his victory, to commemorate his achievement of reunifying Egypt he changed his name to Khasekhemwy.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 83"/> His serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set. He was one of Egypt's first master builders, his funerary enclosure known as Shunet-ez-Zebib is a colossal mudbrick structure.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Circa 2704 - Template:Circa 2686 BC

Old KingdomEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the long period of stability and growth following the Early Dynastic Period and preceding the troubled First Intermediate Period. The kingdom spanned from 2686 to 2181 BC.

Third DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Djoser.jpg	Netjerikhet	Djoser<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Hellenized names Sesorthos and Tosórthros. Commissioned the first Pyramid in Egypt, created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep.	Template:Circa 2670 - Template:Circa 2650 BC<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
File:Sekhemkhet.png	Sekhemkhet<ref>Clayton (1994) p.32</ref>	(Djoser-)Teti	Greek form: Tyréis (after the Ramesside cartouche name for Sekhemkhet, Teti). In the necropolis of his unfinished step pyramid, the remains of a 2-year old infant were found.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Circa 2650 - Template:Circa 2643 BC
File:ReliefFragmentOfPharaohSanakht-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg	Sanakht	Nebka?	Likely to be identified with the throne name Nebka; Hellenized names Necherôchis and Necherôphes. May have reigned 6 years if identified with the penultimate king of the Dynasty on the Turin canon.	Template:Circa 2650 BC
File:Qahedjet.png	Qahedjet	–	Possibly be the same person as Huni or an archaistic representation of Thutmose III, correct chronological position unknown.	Unknown
File:KhabaCloseUp.jpg	Khaba	–	Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid, could be identical with Huni.	2643–2637 BC
File:Huni-StatueHead BrooklynMuseum.png	Huni<ref>Clayton (1994) p.42</ref>		Greek form: Áches. Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba. Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid and several cultic pyramids throughout Egypt. Huni was for a long time credited with the building of the pyramid of Meidum. This, however, is disproved by New Kingdom graffiti that praise king Sneferu, not Huni.	2637–2613 BC

Fourth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2496 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Snofru Eg Mus Kairo 2002.png	Nebmaat	Sneferu	Greek form: Sóris. Reigned 24 years, giving him enough time to build the Meidum Pyramid, the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid. Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red Pyramid. For a long time it was thought that the Meidum Pyramid was not Sneferu's work, but that of king Huni. Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious, generous and even accostable ruler.<ref>Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, Template:ISBN, pp. 278–279.</ref>	2613–2589 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
File:Kairo Museum Statuette Cheops 03 (cropped).jpg	Medjedu	(Khnum-) Khufu	Greek form: Cheops and Suphis. Built the Great Pyramid of Giza. Khufu is depicted as a cruel tyrant by ancient Greek authors; Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler. He is the main protagonist in the Westcar Papyrus. The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu's reign, which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods.	2589–2566 BC
File:Djedefre-head.jpg	Kheper	Djedefre	Greek form: Rátoises. Some scholars believe he created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, this pyramid is no longer extant; it is believed the Romans re-purposed the materials from which it was made.	2566–2558 BC
File:Khafre statue.jpg	Userib	Khafre	Greek form: Chéphren and Suphis II. His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Some scholars prefer him as the creator of the Great Sphinx before Djedefra. His funerary complex was the largest at the Giza plateau.	2558–2532 BC
File:Vue-grande-excavation.jpg	Baka/Bakare		Greek form: Bikheris. Could be the owner of the Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan. Possibly fictional.	Template:Circa 2570 BC
File:MenkauraAndQueen-CloseUpOfKingsFace MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png	Kakhet	Menkaure	Greek form: Menchéres. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. A legend claims that his only daughter died due to an illness and Menkaura buried her in a golden coffin in the shape of a cow.	2532–2503 BC
File:Abydos KL 04-06 n25.jpg	Shepeskhet	Shepseskaf	Greek form: Seberchéres. Owner of the Mastabat el-Fara'un.	2503–2498 BC
–	(Thamphthis)		According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty. He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional.	Template:Circa 2500 BC

Fifth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2496 to 2345 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:By ovedc - Egyptian Museum (Cairo) - 046 (cropped).jpg	Userkaf		Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara. Built the first solar temple at Abusir.	2496–2491 BC
File:Egypt sahura and god.jpg	Sahure		Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir, where he built his pyramid.	2490–2477 BC
File:Neferirkare Kakai 2.png	Neferirkare	Kakai	Son of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer	2477–2467 BC
File:Raneferef.jpg	Neferefre	Izi	Son of Neferirkare	2460–2458 BC
File:Shepseskare Cylinder Seal.png	Shepseskare	Netjeruser	Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure.<ref>Miroslav Verner (2000): "Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?", in: Miroslav Bárta, Jaromír Krejčí (editors): Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute, Prague, Template:ISBN, p. 581–602, available online Template:Webarchive.</ref>	A few months
File:Niuserre BrooklynMuseum.png	Nyuserre	Ini	Brother to Neferefre, built extensively in the Abusir necropolis.	2445–2422 BC
File:Menkauhor CG 40.jpg	Menkauhor	Ikau	Last pharaoh to build a sun temple	2422–2414 BC
File:DjedkareIsesi-GoldCylanderSeal MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png	Djedkare	Isesi	Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty, with likely more than 35 years on the throne.	2414–2375 BC
File:King unas of egypt being suckled by a unknown goddess.jpg	Unas		The Pyramid of Unas is inscribed with the earliest instance of the pyramid texts. He also constructed Unas's causeway a 500m long causeway from the bank of the river Nile to his funerary complex, this is where his funerary precession would have taken place.	2375–2345 BC

Sixth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Statue of Teti Quibell Saqqara 1.jpg	—	Teti	According to Manetho, he was murdered.	2345–2333 BC
File:Abydos KL 06-02 n35.jpg	Userkare		Reigned one to five years, may have usurped the throne at the expense of Teti	2333–2332 BC
File:Kneeling statue of Pepy I.jpg	Meryre	Pepi I	Faced conspiracies and political troubles yet became the most prolific builder of his dynasty	2332–2283 BC
File:Hidden treasures 09.jpg	Merenre	Nemtyemsaf I	Reformed the administration of Upper Egypt by decentralization, received the submission of Lower Nubia	2283–2278 BC
File:AnkhnesmeryreII-and-Son-PepiII-SideView BrooklynMuseum.png	Neferkare	Pepi II	Possibly the longest-reigning monarch in human history, with 94 years on the throne. Alternatively, may have reigned only 64 years.	2278–2183 BC
—	Neferka		Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler. Possibly writing mistake for "Neferkare"	2200–2199 BC
File:Jequier False door fragment of Nemtyemsaf II.jpg	Merenre	Nemtyemsaf II<ref>Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73</ref>	Short lived pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II.	1 year and 1 month Template:Circa 2183 BC
File:Abydos KL 07-01 n40.jpg	Netjerkare I	Neitiqerty Siptah (Nitocris)	This male king gave rise to the legendary queen Nitocris of Herodotus and Manetho.<ref>Ryholt & Bardrum (2000) pp.87–100.</ref> Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined 7th/8th Dynasties.	Short reign: Template:Circa 2182–2179 BC

First Intermediate PeriodEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The First Intermediate Period (2183–2060 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for more than 64 and likely up to 94 years, longer than any monarch in history. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.

The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties, who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Herakleopolis Magna. Some time after these events, a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt. Template:Circa 2055 BC, Mentuhotep II, the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom.

Seventh and Eighth DynastiesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled for approximately 20–45 years. They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt and, in any case, holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved. The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen<ref name="beck">Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, Template:ISBN, available online Template:Webarchive</ref> as well as from Kim Ryholt's latest reconstruction of the Turin canon, another king list dating to the Ramesside Era.<ref name="ryholt2000">Kim Ryholt: "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris", Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 127, 2000, p. 99</ref>

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Khui.png	Khui	—	Attested to by a relief fragment with the cartouche of Khui from a mastaba in Dara.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	Duration unknown, Template:Circa 2150 BC?
File:Abydos KL 07-02 n41.jpg	Menkare	—	Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit.<ref>Gustave Jéquier, Maṣlaḥat al-Āthār (1993): Les pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit (in French), Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale, OCLC 195690029, see plate 5.</ref><ref>Percy Newberry (1943): "Queen Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty", in: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 29, pp=51–54</ref><ref>Gae Callender: "Queen Neit-ikrety/Nitokris", in: Miroslav Barta, Filip Coppens, Jaromic Krecji (editors): Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2010/1, Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, 2011, Template:ISBN, see pp. 249–250</ref>	Probably short, Template:Circa 2181 BC
File:Abydos KL 07-03 n42.jpg	Neferkare II	—	—	Unknown
File:Abydos KL 07-04 n43.jpg	Neferkare III	Neby	Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi, started the construction of a pyramid in Saqqara.	Unknown
File:Abydos KL 07-05 n44.jpg	Djedkare Shemai	–	—	Unknown
File:Abydos KL 07-06 n45.jpg	Neferkare IV	–	—	Unknown
File:Abydos KL 07-07 n46.jpg	Merenhor	—	—	Unknown
File:Abydos KL 07-08 n47.jpg	Neferkamin I / Sneferka		—	Unknown
File:Abydos KL 07-09 n48.jpg	Nikare	—	Possibly attested by a cylinder-seal.	Unknown
File:Abydos KL 07-10 n49.jpg	Neferkare V	Tereru	—	Unknown
File:Abydos KL 07-11 n50.jpg	Neferkahor	—	Attested by a cylinder seal.	Unknown
File:Abydos KL 07-12 n51.jpg	Neferkare VI	Pepiseneb	—	Unknown to 2171 BC
File:Abydos KL 07-13 n52.jpg	Neferkamin Anu	–	—	Template:Circa 2170 BC
File:Abydos KL 07-14 n53.jpg	Qakare	Ibi	Built a poorly constructed pyramid at Saqqara inscribed with the last known instance of the Pyramid Texts	2175–2171 BC
File:Abydos KL 07-15 n54.jpg	Neferkaure	—	Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of Min at Coptos.	2167–2163 BC
File:Abydos KL 07-16 n55.jpg	Neferkauhor	Khuwihapi	Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of Shemay.	2163–2161 BC
File:Abydos KL 07-17 n56.jpg	Neferirkare	Pepi	Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy, in which case he is attested by a decree from the temple of Min.	2161–2160 BC

Ninth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Ninth Dynasty<ref name="Ancient Egypt dot org">Turin Kinglist, Columns IV,18 to V,10, Ancient Egypt dot org. Accessed 10 February 2010.</ref> ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>

The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.<ref name="Ancient Egypt dot org" />

Image		Name	Comments	Reign
File:Egypte louvre 246 panier.jpg	Meryibre	Khety I (Acthoes I)	Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty.	2160 BC–unknown<ref name="Stewart81"/>
—	—	Name lost	—	Unknown
—	Neferkare VII	—	—	Unknown
File:Nebkaure Khety Petrie.png	Nebkaure	Khety II (Acthoes II)	—	Unknown
—	Senen[...] or Setut		—	Unknown
—	—	Name lost	—	Unknown
—	Mery[...]	—	—	Unknown
—	Shed[...]	—	—	Unknown
—	H[...]	—	—	Unknown
—	—	Name lost	—	Unknown
—	—	Name lost	—	Unknown
—	—	Name lost	—	Unknown
	User(?)[...]	—	—	Unknown
File:Imhotep pharaoh cartouche.jpg	Imhotep	—	Ephemeral ruler of the Ninth Dynasty. Only known from two rock inscriptions in the Wadi Hammamat.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Correct chronological position unknown.	Unknown

Tenth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt and ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>

Image		Name	Comments	Reign
File:Graffito Meryhathor Djehutynakht Hatnub.jpg	Meryhathor	—	—	2130 BC–unknown
—	Neferkare VIII	—	—	Between 2130 and 2040 BC
File:Coffin Nefri Wahkare Lacau.jpg	Wahkare	Khety III (Acthoes III)	—	Unknown
File:Stele Anpuemhat Quibell.png	Merykare	—	—	Unknown–2040 BC
—	—	Name lost	—	Few months

Eleventh DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Eleventh Dynasty originated from a group of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th dynasty with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
File:Prince Intef Petrie.png	Intef the Elder	Theban nomarch (Iry-pat) serving an unnamed king, later considered a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty.	Unknown

The successors of Intef the Elder, starting with Mentuhotep I, became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Statue Mentuhotep-aa by Khruner.jpg	Tepia	Mentuhotep I	Nominally a Theban nomarch (Tepy-a) but may have ruled independently.	Unknown – 2133 BC
File:Intef I.jpg	Sehertawy	Intef I	First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name.	2133–2117 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
File:Funerary stele of Intef II.jpg	Wahankh	Intef II	Conquered Abydos and its nome.	2117–2068 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
File:Silsileh close up.jpg	Nakhtnebtepnefer	Intef III	Conquered Asyut and possibly moved further North up to the 17th nome.<ref name="encycloBunson">Margaret Bunson: Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, 2009, Template:ISBN, available online, see p. 181</ref>	2068–2060 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>

Middle KingdomEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040–1802 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom.

The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time.

Eleventh Dynasty cont.Edit

The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is usually considered to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Statue of Montuhotep from Deir al-Bahri, 11th Dynasty, 2065-2014 BCE; Egyptian Museum, Cairo (3).jpg	Nebhepetre	Mentuhotep II<ref>Labib Habachi: King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods, in: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 19 (1963), pp. 16–52</ref>	Mentuhotep II regained all Egypt Template:Circa 2015 BC, Middle Kingdom begins, becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom.	Template:Plainlist
File:Mentuhotep-OsirideStatue-CloseUp MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png	Sankhkare	Mentuhotep III<ref>Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 23–25</ref>	Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom	2009–1997 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
File:Relief Mentuhotep IV Lepsius.jpg	Nebtawyre	Mentuhotep IV<ref>Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 25–26</ref>	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor Amenemhat I.	1997–1991 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>

Enigmatic kings, only attested in Lower Nubia:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Inscription Segerseni Gauthier.png	Menkhkare	Segerseni<ref name="ReferenceB">Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 27–28</ref>	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.	Early 20th century BC
File:Inscription Qakare Ini.png	Qakare	Ini<ref name="ReferenceB" />	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.	Early 20th century BC
File:Inscription Iyibkhentre Gauthier 02.jpg	Iyibkhentre<ref name="ReferenceB" />	Geregtaw(y)ef	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.	Early 20th century BC

Twelfth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Lintel of Amenemhat I and Deities MET DP322055.jpg	Sehetepibre	Amenemhat I<ref>http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk//chronology/amenemhatI.html Amenemhat I</ref><ref>Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 28–35</ref> (Ammanemes I)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Amenemhat I was not from a royal family, and built the first substantial pyramid since Pepi II at Lisht.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 98">Template:Cite book</ref> He restored order in Egypt, and then built a new capital called Itjtawy. Amenemhat I was probably assassinated.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	1991–1962 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
File:Statue Senusret I Petrie.jpg	Kheperkare	Senusret I<ref>Murnane (1977) p.2</ref> (Sesonchosis)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Senusret I built extensively in upper Egypt, including the temple of Amun at Karnak.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 98"/> Senusret I claimed to have sent 17,000 people into the Wadi Hammamat to bring back stone for 150 statues and 60 sphinxes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He also constructed a pyramid at Lisht near his fathers pyramid.	1971–1926 BC
File:Great Sphinx of Tanis Closeup.jpg	Nubkaure	Amenemhat II<ref>Murnane (1977) p.7</ref> (Ammenemes II)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Amenemhat II recorded his reign in now fragmented annals.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 98"/> The Egyptian navy may have attacked Cyprus during his campaigns.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 109">Template:Cite book</ref> Amenemhat II also built a pyramid at Dashur. Ruled for at least 35 years.	1929–1895 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
File:Statue Senusret II Lille.jpg	Khakheperre	Senusret II<ref>Murnane (1977) p.9</ref> (No name given by Manetho)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Senusret II developed the Fayyum as a major agricultural resource during his reign.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He also built a pyramid at Lahun.	1897–1878 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
File:Sesostris III Sphinxkopf.jpg	Khakaure	Senusret III<ref>Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp.251</ref> (Sesostris)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Senusret III got rid of nomarchs and made 3 administrative districts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He also led campaigns into Lower Nubia in his 8th, 10th, 16th, and 18th regnal years.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 109"/> Senusret III also built his own pyramid at Dashur and was the most powerful and influential pharaoh of the 12th dynasty.	1878–1839 BC
File:Amenemhet III, basalto, seconda metà del XIX sec. ac. 02.JPG	Nimaatre	Amenemhat III<ref>Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 56–61</ref> (Lamares)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Amenemhat III further developed the Fayyum as an agricultural region.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 98"/> He also constructed a large mortuary complex at Hawara including his pyramid, the mortuary complex was probably the labyrinth that inspired the ancient Greek authors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1860–1814 BC
File:AmmenemesIV(Front)-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg	Maakherure	Amenemhat IV<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> (Ammenemes)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso.	1816–1807 BC
File:Statue of Sobekneferu (Berlin Egyptian Museum 14475).jpg	Sobekkare	Sobekneferu<ref>Grajetzki (2006) pp. 61–63</ref> (Skemiophris)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	The first known archeologically attested female Pharaoh.	1807–1802 BC

The position of a possible additional ruler, Seankhibtawy Seankhibra, is uncertain. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the 12th or 13th Dynasty.

Second Intermediate PeriodEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Second Intermediate Period (1802–1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty, made their appearance in Egypt.

The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, Template:Circa 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in Template:Circa 1710 BC, the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty.

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and Template:Circa 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell el-Dab'a/Khata'na), conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty. Sometime around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis, thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes, only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter.

Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom.

Thirteenth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to Template:Circa 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho.

This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Amenemhat.jpg	Sekhemre Khutawy	Sobekhotep I	Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is well attested. Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep II in older studies	1802–1800 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:AmenemhatSenebefCylinderPetrie.png	Mehibtawy Sekhemkare	Amenemhat Sonbef	Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of Amenemhat IV<ref name="ryholt1997" />	1800–1796 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Stele of Nerikare.png	Nerikare	Sobek[...]	Attested on a Nile record from Semna.Template:Citation needed	1796 BC
File:Amenemhat V.jpg	Sekhemkare	Amenemhat V	Ruled for 3 to 4 years<ref name="ryholt1997" />	1796–1793 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Plaque Qemaw by Khruner.jpg	—	Ameny Qemau	Buried in his pyramid in south Dashur	1795–1792 BC
File:Hetep-ib-Re-mace.png	Hotepibre	Qemau Siharnedjheritef	Also called Sehotepibre	1792–1790 BC
—	—	Iufni	Only attested on the Turin canon	Very short reign, possibly Template:Circa 1790–1788 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Table CG23040 Kamal.jpg	Seankhibre	Amenemhat VI	Attested on the Turin Canon.Template:Citation needed	1788–1785 BC
File:Stele Nebnuni by Khruner.jpg	Semenkare	Nebnuni	Attested on the Turin Canon Template:Citation needed	1785–1783 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" /> or 1739 BC<ref name="Thomas Schneider 2002">Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, Template:ISBN</ref>
File:Cylinder Sehetepibre by Khruner.jpg	Sehetepibre	Sewesekhtawy	Attested on the Turin Canon.Template:Citation needed	1783–1781 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
—	Sewadjkare I	—	Known only from the Turin canon	1781 BC
—	Nedjemibre	—	Known only from the Turin canon	7 months, 1780 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" /> or 1736 BC<ref name="Thomas Schneider 2002" />
File:Louvre 032007 40.jpg	Khaankhre	Sobekhotep	Referred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep I in older studies	Reigned Template:Circa 3 years, 1780–1777 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
—	Renseneb	—	4 months	1777 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Ka Statue of horawibra.jpg	Awybre	Hor	Famous for his intact tomb treasure and Ka statue	Reigned 1 year and 6 months, 1777–1775 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Khabaw2.png	Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw	—	Possibly a son of Hor Awibre	Estimated reign 3 years, 1775–1772 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:OsirisBed.jpg	Djedkheperew	—	Possibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw, previously identified with Khendjer	Estimated reign 2 years, 1772–1770 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Kay Amenemhat.jpg	—	Sebkay	Possibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay.<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Cylinder Sedjefakare Petrie.jpg	Sedjefakare	Kay Amenemhat	A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents.	5 to 7 years or 3 years, 1769–1766 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Wegaf Rubensohn.png	Khutawyre	Wegaf	Founder of the dynasty in old studies	Template:Circa 1767 BC
File:Khendjer.jpg	Userkare	Khendjer	Possibly the first Semitic pharaoh, built a pyramid at Saqqara	Minimum 4 years and 3 months Template:Circa 1765 BC
File:Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2019-11-09 Emramescha 01.jpg	Smenkhkare	Imyremeshaw	Attested by two colossal statues	Reigned less than 10 years, starting 1759 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" /> or 1711 BC.<ref>Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, 2002</ref>
File:Hotepkare cylinder Petrie.png	Sehetepkare	Intef IV	—	Less than 10 years
File:Stele JE 35256 Randall-MacIver.png	Meribre	Seth	—	Reign ended 1749 BC
File:SobekhotepIII-DualRelief BrooklynMuseum.png	Sekhemresewadjtawy	Sobekhotep III	4 years and 2 months	1755–1751 BC
File:Neferhotep I 2.jpg	Khasekhemre	Neferhotep I	11 years	1751–1740 BC
File:Turiner2.png	Menwadjre	Sihathor	Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I, may not have reigned independently.	1739 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Statue of Sobekhotep IV.jpg	Khaneferre	Sobekhotep IV	10 or 11 years	1740–1730 BC
File:Statue of Merhotepre Sobekhotep V.jpg	Merhotepre	Sobekhotep V	—	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:KneelingStatueOfSobekhotepV-AltesMuseum-Berlin.png	Khahotepre	Sobekhotep VI	4 years 8 months and 29 days	Template:Circa 1725 BC
File:Scarab of King Ia-ib LACMA M.86.313.10 (2 of 2).jpg	Wahibre	Ibiau	10 years and 8 months	1725–1714 BC or 1712–1701 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Merneferre Ay.jpg	Merneferre	Ay I	Longest reigning king of the dynasty	23 years, 8 months and 18 days, 1701–1677 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" /> or 1714–1691 BC
File:Merhotepre Ini.png	Merhotepre	Ini	Possibly a son of his predecessor	2 years, 3 or 4 months and 9 days, 1677–1675 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" /> or 1691–1689 BC
—	Sankhenre	Sewadjtu	Attested only on the Turin canon	3 years and 2–4 months, 1675–1672 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Neferhotep II 2.jpg	Mersekhemre	Ined	May be the same person as Neferhotep II	3 years, 1672–1669 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
—	Sewadjkare II	Hori	Reigned 5 years	5 years
File:Merkawre Sobekhotep.png	Merkawre	Sobekhotep VII	Reigned 2 years and 6 months<ref name="ryholt1997">K. S. B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997</ref>	1664–1663 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
—	Name lost	Seven kings	Names lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon<ref name="ryholt1997" />	1663 BC –?<ref name="ryholt1997" />
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Mer[...]re	—	—	Unknown
File:Merkheperre Scarab.png	Merkheperre	—	—	Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
—	Merkare	—	Attested only on the Turin canon	Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
File:Sewadjare Mentuhotep.png	Sewadjare	Mentuhotep V	—	Template:Circa 1655 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
—	[...]mosre	—	—	Unknown
—	Ibi [...]maatre	—	—	Unknown
—	Hor[...] [...]webenre	—	—	Unknown
—	Se[...]kare	—	Unknown	Unknown
File:Sankhptahi.jpg	Seheqenre	Sankhptahi	May be the son of his predecessor	Between 1663 and 1649 BC
—	[...]re	—	Unknown	Unknown
—	Se[...]enre	—	Unknown	Unknown – 1649 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />

The position of the following kings is uncertain:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Djedhotepre Dedumose stele.png	Djedhotepre	Dedumose I	Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty	Template:Circa 1654 BC
File:Djedneferre Dedumose.png	Djedneferre	Dedumose II	Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty	Unknown
File:Scarab Maara Sobekhotep (IX).webp	Maare	Sobekhotep IX	Late 13th dynasty.	Unknown
File:Senebmiu.png	Sewahenre	Senebmiu	Late 13th dynasty.	After 1660 BC.<ref name="ryholt1997" />
File:Reperti del Tempio di Iside di Benevento 25.jpg	Mershepsesre	Ini II	Late 13th dynasty.	Unknown
File:Snaaib.jpg	Menkhaure	Snaaib	Possibly a king of the Abydos Dynasty	Unknown

Fourteenth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris,<ref name="ryholt"/> that ruled from either 1805 BC or Template:Circa 1710 BC until Template:Circa 1650 BC.

Some of the contested rulers of the 14th Dynasty (proposed by Kim Ryholt) are commonly identified by Egyptologists as being of Canaanite (Semitic) descent, owing to the distinct origins of the names of some of their kings and princes. However, the dynasty rulers are not referred to as Hyksos in the Turin kings list.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is here given according to Ryholt; however, this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Scarab Sekhaenre EA30511 Hall.jpg	Sekhaenre	Yakbim	Chronological position uncertain, here given according to Ryholt<ref name="ryholt"/>	1805–1780 BC
File:Scarab Nubwoserre UC16597.jpg	Nubwoserre	Ya'ammu	Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt<ref name="ryholt"/>	1780–1770 BC
File:QarehScarabPetrie.png	Khawoserre<ref name="ryholt" />	Qareh	Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt<ref name="ryholt"/>	1770–1760 BC
File:AahotepreScarabPetrie.png	Aahotepre<ref name="ryholt" />	'Ammu	Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt<ref name="ryholt"/>	1760–1745 BC
File:Canaanite - Scarab with Cartouche of King Sheshi - Walters 4217 - Bottom (2).jpg	Maaibre	Sheshi<ref name="digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Chronological position, duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain, here given according to Ryholt.<ref name="ryholt">K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997</ref> Alternatively, he could be an early Hyksos king, a Hyksos ruler of the second part of the 15th Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos.	1745–1705 BC
File:Aasehra obelisk Petrie.png	Aasehre	Nehesy	Short reign, perhaps a son of Sheshi<ref name="ryholt"/>	Template:Circa 1705 BC
—	Khakherewre	—	—	Unknown
—	Nebefawre	—	—	Template:Circa 1704 BC
—	Sehebre	—	Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh<ref name="ryholt1997"/>	Template:Circa 1704 to 1699 BC
File:Stele Merdjefare by Khruner.png	Merdjefare	—	Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh<ref name="ryholt1997"/>	Template:Circa 1699 BC
—	Sewadjkare III	—	—	Unknown
—	Nebdjefare	—	—	1694 BC
—	Webenre	—	—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	[...]djefare	—	—	Unknown
—	[...]webenre	—	—	Template:Circa 1690 BC
—	Awibre II	—	—	Unknown
—	Heribre	—	—	Unknown
File:Jar Nebsenre by Khruner.jpg	—	Nebsenre<ref name="ryholt"/>	Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen	At least 5 months of reign, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	[...]re	—	—	Unknown
File:Scarab Sekheperenre by Khruner.jpg	Sekheperenre<ref name="ryholt"/>	—	Attested by a single scarab seal	2 months, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
—	Djedkherewre	—	—	Unknown
—	Sankhibre II	—	—	Unknown
—	Nefertum[...]re	—	—	Unknown
—	Sekhem[...]re	—	—	Unknown
—	Kakemure	—	—	Unknown
—	Neferibre	—	—	Unknown
—	—	I[...]re	—	Unknown
—	Khakare	—	—	Unknown
—	Akare<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	—	Only known from the Turin canon	Unknown
—	Semenenre	Hapu	—	Unknown
—	Djedkare<ref name="ryholt" />	Anati	Only known from the Turin canon	Unknown
—	—	Bebnum<ref name="ryholt"/>	Only known from the Turin canon	Some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
—	Name lost		Eight lines lost in the Turin canon	Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Senefer[...]re	—	—	Unknown
—	Men[...]re	—	—	Unknown
—	Djed[...]re	—	—	Unknown
—	Name lost		Three lines lost in the Turin canon	Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Ink[...]	—	—	Unknown
—	'A[...]<ref name="Encyclo-p4">Template:Cite book</ref>	—	Only known from the Turin canon. Name may be read as "Ineb" according to Alan Gardiner.<ref name="Encyclo-p4"/>	Unknown
—	—	'Apepi<ref name="ryholt"/>	Possibly attested as a king's son by 5 scarabs-seals	Template:Circa 1650 BC
—	Name lost		Five lines lost in the Turin canon	Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown

The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Khamure.png	—	Khamure<ref name="ryholt1997" />	—	Unknown
File:Scarab Nuya by Khruner.jpg	—	Nuya<ref name="ryholt1997"/>	Attested by a scarab-seal	Unknown
File:Sheneh.png	—	Sheneh<ref name="ryholt1997" />	May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare	Unknown
File:Scarab Shenshek by Khruner.png	—	Shenshek<ref name="ryholt1997" />	Attested by a scarab-seal	Unknown
File:Wazad.png	—	Wazad<ref name="ryholt1997"/>	May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare	Template:Circa 1700 BC ?
File:Yakareb scarab.png	—	Yakareb<ref name="ryholt1997"/>	—	Unknown
File:YaqubHar scarab Petrie 75.png	Meruserre	Yaqub-Har<ref name="digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk"/>	May belong to the 14th dynasty, the 15th dynasty or be a vassal of the Hyksos.	17th–16th centuries BC

The Turin King List provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list.

Fifteenth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—	(Salitis)		Ruled Lower Egypt and founded the 15th Dynasty	Template:Circa 1650 BC
File:SemqenScarabPetrie.png	—	Semqen	Chronological position uncertain.	1649 BC – Unknown
File:Aperanati scarab Petrie.png	—	'Aper-'Anat	Chronological position uncertain.	Unknown
—	—	Sakir-Har	—	Unknown
File:YaqubHar scarab Petrie 75.png	Meruserre	Yaqub-Har	From Turin papyrus.	either 8 or 18 years
File:Khyan.jpg	Seuserenre	Khyan	Apex of the Hyksos' power, conquered Thebes toward the end of his reign	likely 30–35 years
File:ScarabBearingNameOfApophis MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png	Nebkhepeshre / Aqenenre / Auserre	Apepi	—	1590 BC?
File:Cylinder Khondy Petrie.jpg	Nakhtyre / Hotepibre	Khamudi	—	1555–1544 BC

Abydos DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from Template:Circa 1650 BC until 1600 BC.<ref>Detlef Franke: "Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches. Teil II: Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altägyptens", In Orientalia 57 (1988), p. 259</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order:

Image	Prenomen	Nomen	Comments	Reign
File:Cartouche Senebkay by Khruner.jpg	Woseribre	Senebkay	Tomb discovered in 2014. Perhaps identifiable with a Woser[...]re of the Turin canon.	Template:Circa 1650 BC
File:Snaaib.jpg	Menkhaure	Snaaib	May belong to the late 13th Dynasty.<ref name="ReferenceA">Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964</ref><ref name="beckerath1997" /><ref name="beckerath">Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien 49, Mainz 1999.</ref>	Uncertain
File:Stele Pantjeny Petrie.jpg	Sekhemrekhutawy	Pantjeny	May belong to the late 16th Dynasty<ref name="maree" />	Uncertain
File:Wepwawetemsaf.png	Sekhemraneferkhau	Wepwawetemsaf	May belong to the late 16th Dynasty<ref name="maree">Marcel Marée: A sculpture workshop at Abydos from the late Sixteenth or early Seventeenth Dynasty, in: Marcel Marée (editor): The Second Intermediate period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties), Current Research, Future Prospects, Leuven, Paris, Walpole, Massachusetts. 2010 Template:ISBN. p. 247, 268</ref>	Uncertain
—	[...]hebre	—	Only known from the Turin Canon. Believed by Kim Ryholt to have been part of the Abydos dynasty.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Uncertain

Sixteenth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty Template:Circa 1650 BC. They were finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty Template:Circa 1580 BC.

The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—		—	Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List and cannot be recovered	Unknown
File:Block Djehuti by Khruner.jpg	Sekhemresementawy	Djehuti	–	3 years
File:Stele Sekhemre Seusertawy by Khruner.png	Sekhemreseusertawy	Sobekhotep VIII	–	16 years
File:Stele JE 59635 by Khruner.png	Sekhemresankhtawy	Neferhotep III	–	1 year
File:Sphinx Seankhenre by Khruner.jpg	Seankhenre	Mentuhotepi	May be a king of the 17th Dynasty<ref name="beckerath1997" />	< 1 year
File:Dagger Sewadjenre Petrie.png	Sewadjenre	Nebiryraw I	–	26 years
File:Statuette Harpocrates Mariette.jpg	Neferkare (?)	Nebiryraw II	–	Template:Circa 1600 BC
File:Axehead Semenenre by Khruner.jpg	Semenre	–	–	Template:Circa 1600 BC
File:Dagger Bebiankh by Khruner.jpg	Seuserenre	Bebiankh	–	12 years
File:Djedhotepre Dedumose stele.png	Djedhotepre	Dedumose I	May be a king of the 13th Dynasty<ref name="beckerath1997" />	Template:Circa 1588–1582 BC
File:Djedneferre Dedumose.png	Djedneferre	Dedumose II	–	Template:Circa 1588–1582 BC
File:DjedankhraScarabPetrie.png	Djedankhre	Montemsaf	–	Template:Circa 1590 BC
File:Mentuhotep VI.jpg	Merankhre	Mentuhotep VI	–	Short reign, Template:Circa 1585 BC
File:Senusret IV.png	Seneferibre	Senusret IV	–	Unknown
—	Sekhemre	Shedwast	May be the same as Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II	Unknown

The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III<ref>Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto, Wolfhart Westendorf, Stele – Zypresse: Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1986, Page 1383</ref> and Nebmaatre. Their chronological position is uncertain.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="beckerath1997">Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997</ref>

Seventeenth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1580 to 1550 BC and comprised the family of rulers that would eventually overthrow the Hyksos and establish the 18th Dynasty and New Kingdom

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Rahotep stele BM Budge.png	Sekhemrewahkhaw	Rahotep	—	Template:Circa 1580
File:RedGraniteStatueOfSobkemsafI(Detail)-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg	Sekhemre Wadjkhaw	Sobekemsaf I	—	At least 7 years
File:Statuette Sobekemsaf Petrie b.png	Sekhemre Shedtawy	Sobekemsaf II	His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of Ramesses IX.	Unknown to Template:Circa 1573 BC
File:Louvre 122006 050.jpg	Sekhemre-Wepmaat	Intef V	—	Template:Circa 1573-1571 BC
File:WoodenCoffinOfIntef-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg	Nubkheperre	Intef VI	Reigned more than 3 years	Template:Circa 1571 to the mid-1560s BC
File:Coffin Sekhemre-Heruhermaat Intef closeup.jpg	Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat	Intef VII	—	Late 1560s BC
File:Relief Senakhtenre by Khruner.jpg	Senakhtenre	Ahmose	—	Template:Circa 1558 BC
File:Coffin Seqenenre Petrie.png	Seqenenre	Tao	Died in battle against the Hyksos.	1558–1554 BC
File:Sarcophage-Kamose.jpg	Wadjkheperre	Kamose	—	1554–1549 BC

The early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre, whose chronological position is uncertain.<ref name="ryholt1997"/>

New KingdomEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The New Kingdom (1550–1077 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.

Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.

Eighteenth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from Template:Circa 1550 to 1292 BC:

Nineteenth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the most famous pharaohs: Ramesses II the Great.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:StatueHeadOfParamessu-TitledFrontalView-RamessesI MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Menpehtire	Ramesses I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Already Grand Vizier, of non-royal birth. Succeeded Horemheb due to his lack of an heir.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:SetiI-KneelingStatueOfferingToOsiris-CloseUp MetropolitanMuseum.png {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Menmaatre	Seti I	Regained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of Akhenaten.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:RamsesIIEgypt.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Usermaatre Setpenre (Ozymandias)	Ramesses II the Great	Continued expanding Egypt's territory until he reached a stalemate with the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which the famous Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC. Had one of the longest Egyptian reigns. Known for his large scale construction projects, including many now famous monuments.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Merenptah Louxor-HeadAndShoulders-BackgroundKnockedOut.png {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Banenre	Merneptah<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Thirteenth son of Ramesses II.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Amenmesses drawn by Rosellini.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Menmire Setpenre	Amenmesse	Most likely a usurper to the throne. Possibly ruled in opposition to Seti II. Suggested son of Merneptah.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Turin statue of Seti II.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Userkheperure	Seti II<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Son of Merneptah. May have had to overcome a contest by Amenmesse before he could solidify his claim to the throne.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Siptah.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Sekhaenre / Akhenre	(Merenptah) Siptah<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Possibly son of Seti II or Amenmesse, ascended to throne at a young age.<ref>Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queen of Egypt. National Geographic. p. 230. Template:ISBN.</ref>	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Queen Tausret Émile Prisse d'Avennes.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Satre Merenamun	Tausret	Seti II's widow, initially regent for Pharaoh Siptah, then briefly sole Pharaoh.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Also known as Twosret or Tawosret.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}

Twentieth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Sethnakht closeup Lepsius.png {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Userkhaure	Setnakhte	Not related to Seti II, Siptah, or Tausret. May have usurped the throne from Tausret. Did not recognize Siptah or Tausret as legitimate rulers. Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family. Also called Setnakt.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:KhonsuTemple-Karnak-RamessesIII-2.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Usermaatre Meryamun	Ramesses III	Son of Setnakhte. Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC. assassinated in Harem conspiracy.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:M-Ramses IV.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Usermaatre / Heqamaatre Setpenamun	Ramesses IV	Son of Ramesses III. During his reign, Egyptian power started to decline.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Ramses V mummy head.png {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Usermaatre Sekheperenre	Ramesses V	Son of Ramesses IV	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:RamassesVIFragmentarySarcophagusHead-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Nebmaatre Meryamun	Ramesses VI	Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV. Uncle of Ramesses V.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Tomb KV1 Ramesses VII Lepsius.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Usermaatre Setpenre Meryamun	Ramesses VII	Son of Ramesses VI.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:SFEC-MEDINETHABU-Sethiherkhepeshef II.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Usermaatre Akhenamun	Ramesses VIII	An obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI. Uncle of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. He is the sole pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been found.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Ramesses9.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Neferkare Setpenre	Ramesses IX	Probably grandson of Ramesses III through his father, Montuherkhopshef. First cousin of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:RamsesXCrop.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Khepermaatre Setpenptah	Ramesses X<ref>Grimal (1992) p.291</ref>	A poorly documented Pharaoh, his reign was between 3 and 10 years long. His origins are completely uncertain.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Temple Khonsu Ramesses XI Lepsius.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Menmaatre Setpenptah	Ramesses XI<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Possibly the son of Ramesses X. During the second half of his reign, High Priest of Amun Herihor ruled over the south from Thebes, limiting his power to Lower (Northern) Egypt. He was succeeded in the north by Smendes.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}

Third Intermediate PeriodEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Third Intermediate Period (1077–664 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire at the end of the Bronze Age. Two dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

Twenty-First DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1077 to 943 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Canopic Smendes Met.jpg	Hedjkheperre-Setpenre	Nesbanebdjed I<ref>Cerny p.645</ref> (Smendes I)	Married to Tentamun, probable daughter of Ramesses XI.	1077–1051 BC
File:Bowcap Amenemnesut Psusennes by Khruner.jpg	Neferkare	Amenemnisu	Obscure four-year reign.	1051–1047 BC
File:Psusennes I's Funerary Mask in 2012.jpg	Aakheperre	Pasebakhenniut I (Psusennes I)	Son of Pinedjem I, a High Priest of Amun. Ruled for 40 to 51 years. Famous for his intact tomb at Tanis. Known as "The Silver Pharaoh" due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in. One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty.	1047–1001 BC
File:Amenemope Mask Crop.jpg	Usermaatre	Amenemope	Son of Psusennes I.	1001–992 BC
File:Seal Aakheperre Osorkon Petrie.jpg	Aakheperre Setepenre	Osorkon the Elder	Son of Shoshenq A, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libya). Also known as Osochor.	992–986 BC
File:Relief Siamun Petrie.jpg	Netjerikheperre-Setpenamun	Siamun	Unknown Origins. Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh. One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty.	986–967 BC
File:Statue CG42192 legrain.jpg	Titkheperure	Pasebakhenniut II (Psusennes II)	Son of Pinedjem II, a High Priest of Amun.	967–943 BC

Theban High Priests of AmunEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Though not officially pharaohs, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty, writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:KingHerihorAdoreOsiris.jpg	Hemnetjertepenamun	Herihor Siamun	Ruled in the south in Thebes, while Ramesses XI ruled from the north in Pi-Ramesses. Some sources suggest he may have reigned after Piankh.	1080–1074 BC
File:Payankh stele Mariette.jpg	Piankh		Some sources suggest he may have reigned before Herihor.	1074–1070 BC
File:Statue Pinedjem CG42191 Legrain.png	Kheperkhawra Setepenamun	Pinedjem I Meriamun	Son of Piankh. Father of Psusennes I. High Priest for many years, eventually gave his seat to his son Masaharta, and declared himself an actual pharaoh.<ref name="Grimal 2004 322–323">Template:Cite book</ref>	1070–1055 BC (High Priest) 1054-1032 BC (Pharaoh)<ref name="Grimal 2004 322–323"/>
File:Mummy Masaherta Smith.JPG	—	Masaharta	Son of Pinedjem I.	1054–1045 BC
	—	Djedkhonsuefankh	Son of Pinedjem I.	1046–1045 BC
File:Molded Faience Amuletic Tube with Throne Name of the High Priest of Amen Menkheperre LACMA M.80.198.107.jpg	Hemnetjertepienamun	Menkheperre	Son of Pinedjem I.	1045–992 BC
File:Nesbanebdjed II statuette Petrie.png	—	Nesbanebdjed II (Smendes II)	Son of Menkheperre.	992–990 BC
File:Pinudjem-II.jpg	—	Pinedjem II	Son of Menkheperre, Father of Psusennes II.	990–976 BC
—	Titkheprure	Hemnetjertepienamun Pasebakhaennuit (Psusennes III)	Possibly the same person as Psusennes II. Either he or Pinedjem II is generally considered to be the last High Priest of Amun to consider himself as a pharaoh-like figure.	976–943 BC

Twenty-Second DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from Template:Circa 943 to 728 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Karnak Sheshonq I.jpg	Hedjkheperre Setpenre	Shoshenq I Meriamun	Son of Nimlot A, a brother of Osorkon the Elder and a Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libyans). Possibly the biblical Shishaq	943–922 BC
File:Statue of Pharaoh Osorkon I-AO 9502-IMG 7653-gradient.jpg	Sekhemkheperre Setepenre	Osorkon I Meriamun	Son of Shoshenq I.	922–887 BC
File:Sheshonq II mask2004.jpg	Heqakheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq II Meriamun	Obscure pharaoh, possibly a usurper.	887–885 BC
—	Tutkheperre	Shoshenq IIb	Obscure pharaoh, placement uncertain.	880s BC
File:Sarcophage Harsiesis.JPG	Hedjkheperre Setepenamun	Harsiese Meriamun A	An obscure rebel, at Thebes.	880–860 BC
File:Takelot I a.jpg	Hedjkheperre Setepenre	Takelot I Meriamun	Son of Osorkon I.	885–872 BC
File:Egypte louvre 066.jpg	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Osorkon II Meriamun	Son of Takelot I.	872–837 BC
File:Shoshenq III.jpg	Usermaatre Setpenre	Shoshenq III Meriamun	—	837–798 BC
File:Stele Shoshenq V Y8 Spiegelberg.png	Hedjkheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq IV Meriamun Sabast Netjerheqaiunu	—	798–785 BC
File:Louvre 122006 015.jpg	Usermaatre Setpenre	Pami Meriamun	—	785–778 BC
File:List of pharaohs, Louvre.jpg	Aakheperre	Shoshenq V	—	778–740 BC
File:Louvre egide tete lionne.JPG	Usermaatre	Osorkon IV	—	740–720 BC

Twenty-Third DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Twenty-Third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to Template:Circa 735 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Karnak Ptah 08.jpg	Hedjkheperre Setpenre	Takelot II Siesemeriamun	Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd.	837–813 BC
File:Torso of Pedubast I by Michael Martin.jpg	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Meriamun Pedubast I	A rebel—seized Thebes from Takelot II.	826–801 BC
—	—	Iuput I Meriamun	Co-regent with Pedubast.	812–811 BC
—	Usermaatre Meryamun	Shoshenq VI Meriamun	Successor to Pedubast.	801–795 BC
File:Osorkon III.jpg	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Osorkon III Saisetmeriamun	Son of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king.	795–767 BC
File:Karnak Takelot III.jpg	Usermaatre-Setpenamun	Takelot III Meriamun Saisetmeriamun	Co-reign with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign.	773–765 BC
File:Egypte louvre 054.jpg	Usermaatre-Setpenamun	Meriamun Rudamun	Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III.	765–762 BC
—	Uasnetjerre/Hedjkheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq VII Saisetmeriamun	A poorly attested king.	—

Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Louvre C100 stele Petrie.png	Menkheperre	Ini	Reigned at Thebes only.	762–Unknown BC

Twenty-Fourth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two pharaohs ruling from 732 to 720 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Tefnakht Athens stela (T. Efthimiadis) det.jpg	Shepsesre	Tefnakhte	—	732–725 BC
File:Apis Bakenranef 6 Mariette.jpg	Wahkare	Bakenrenef (Bocchoris)	—	725–720 BC

Twenty-Fifth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign. Piye's conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Stele Piye submission Mariette.jpg	Usermaatre	Piye	King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in his 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years	744–714 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau<ref name=pay>F. Payraudeau, Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo, Nehet 1, 2014, p. 115–127</ref>
File:Stela Shebitqo Met.jpg	Djedkaure	Shebitku	Believed to be Shabaka's successor until the 2010s	714–705 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau<ref name=pay/>
File:Shabaqa Sphinx Head 002.jpg	Neferkare	Shabaka	Believed to be Shebitku's predecessor until the 2010s	705–690 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau<ref name=pay/>
File:SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg	Khuinefertemre	Taharqa	Died in 664 BC	690–664 BC<ref name="Stewart88">Template:Cite book</ref>
File:Nubian head.JPG	Bakare	Tantamani	Lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year.	664–653 BC

They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656–590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC – AD 500).

Late PeriodEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Late Period runs from Template:Circa 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians.

Twenty-Sixth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from Template:Circa 664 to 525 BC.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:MenibraScarabKS2670.png	Menibre? Iribre?	Tefnakht II (Stephinates)	Manetho's Stephinates. May have been a descendant of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. The father of Necho I.	685–678 BC
—	—	Nekauba (Nechepsos)	Manetho's Nechepsos. His existence has been questioned.	678–672 BC
File:Necho I Horus.png	Menkheperre	Nekau I (Necho I)	Was killed by an invading Kushite force in 664 BC under Tantamani. Father of Psamtik I.	672–664 BC

The son and successor of Nekau I, Psamtik I, managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Psammetique Ier TPabasa.jpg	Wahibre	Psamtik I (Psammetichus I)	Reunified Egypt. Son of Necho I and father of Necho II.	664–610 BC<ref name="Stewart83">Template:Cite book</ref>
File:Necho-KnellingStatue BrooklynMuseum.png	Wehemibre	Nekau II (Necho II)	Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the Bible and the death of Josiah. Son of Psamtik I and father of Psamtik II.	610–595 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Sphinx Psammetique II 1104.jpg	Neferibre	Psamtik II (Psammetichus II)	Son of Necho II and father of Apries.	595–589 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Apries.jpg	Haaibre	Wahibre (Apries)	Fled Egypt after Amasis II (who was a general at the time) declared himself pharaoh following a civil war. Son of Psamtik II.	589–570 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Farao Amasis.JPG	Khnemibre	Ahmose II (Amasis II)	He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, he was of common origins. Father of Psamtik III.	570–526 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Karnak Psammetichus III.jpg	Ankhkaenre	Psamtik III (Psammetichus III)	Son of Amasis II. Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the Battle of Pelusium and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt.	526–525 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>

Twenty-Seventh DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC by king Cambyses II, the son of Cyrus the Great, and remained Persian satrapy for more than one hundred years until regaining independence in 404 BC. The Achaemenid kings were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the 27th Dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Name	Comments	Reign
File:Stela Cambyses Apis closeup.jpg	Mesutre	Kembydjet (Cambyses II)	Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC.	525–1 July 522 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
—	—	Bardiya (Smerdis) / Gaumata	Son of Cyrus the Great.	522 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Flickr - isawnyu - Hibis, Temple Decorations (III).jpg	Seteture	Deriush (Darius I)	Ascended throne by overthrowing Gaumata Template:Citation needed	522–November 486 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Xerxes Image.png	—	Kheshayarusha (Xerxes I)	Assassinated by Artabanus of Persia.	November 486–December 465 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
—	—	Artabanus the Hyrcanian	—	465-464 BC
File:Artaxerxes I at Naqsh-e Rostam.jpg	—	Arutakhshashas (Artaxerxes I)	Died in 424 BC	464–424 BC
—	—	Xerxes II	A claimant.	424–423 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
—	—	Sogdianus	A claimant.	423–July 423 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Darius II (reduced shadow).jpg	—	Darius II	Died in 404 BC	July 423–March 404 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>

Several native rebellions took place during the 27th dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Dates
File:Ignota prov., pannello decorativo del re sehibra, xxiii dinastia, 823-716 ac..JPG	Seheruibre	Petubastis III<ref name="Chronological">Placed in this dynasty only for chronological reasons, as he was not related to the Achaemenids.</ref>	A native Egyptian rebel in the Delta.	522/21–520 BC
—	Ahmose? Nebkaenre?	Psammetichus IV<ref name="Chronological" />	A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader. Exact date uncertain.	Possibly in the 480s BC

Twenty-Eighth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one pharaoh:

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
File:Amyrtaios aramaic papyrus Sachau.png	Amunirdisu (Amyrtaeus)	Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians.	404–398 BC

Twenty-Ninth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Nefaarud I Crop.jpg	Baenre Merynetjeru	Nefaarud I (Nepherites I)	Also known as Nepherites. Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed.	398–393 BC
File:Statue Achoris Petrie 01.jpg	Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu	Hakor (Achoris)	Son of Nefaarud I.	Template:Circa 392–Template:Circa 391 BC
File:Statue of 29th Dynasty King Psamuthis LACMA M.71.73.57.jpg	Userre Setepenptah	Pasherienmut (Psammuthes)	Possibly dethroned Hakor for a year.	Template:Circa 391 BC
File:Statue Achoris Petrie 01.jpg	Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu	Hakor (Achoris)	Retook the throne from Psammuthes.	Template:Circa 390–Template:Circa 379 BC
—	—	Nefaarud II (Nepherites II)	Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. Son of Hakor.	Template:Circa 379 BC
—	—	Muthis	Possible pharaoh attested in Eusebius's epitome; not known archaeologically and his chronological placement is disputed.	Possibly between 393 and 380 BC

Thirtieth DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 379/8 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule Template:Circa 340 BC:Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Nectanebo I with khepresh crown.jpg	Kheperkare	Nekhtnebef (Nectanebo I)	Also known as Nekhtnebef. Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians. Father of Teos.	379/8–361/0 BC
File:Fragment of a faience saucer inscribed with the name of King Teos (Djedhor). 30th Dynasty. From the Palace of Apries at Memphis, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg	Irimaatenre	Djedher (Teos)	Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC. Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid of Agesilaus II of Sparta.	361/0–359/8 BC
File:Head of Nectanebo II-MBA Lyon H1701-IMG 0204.jpg	Snedjemibre Setepenanhur	Nakhthorhebyt Merihathor (Nectanebo II)	Last native ruler of ancient Egypt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> to be recognized by Manetho.	359/8–341/0 BC

Thirty-First DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 340 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
File:Artaxerxes III Pharao.jpg	Artaxerxes III	Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time. Did not adopt any pharaonic titulary.	Template:Circa 341/339 – 338 BCTemplate:Sfn
File:Artaxerxes IV Arses.jpg	Artaxerxes IV Arses	Only reigned in Lower Egypt. Did not adopt any pharaonic titulary.	338–336 BC
File:Darius III of Persia.jpg	Darius III	Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC. His name, Deriush, was written in a cartouche as a pharaonic nomen would be.	336–332 BC

Native rebellions again took place during the 31st dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Dates
File:Stela Nastasen Kambasuten Lepsius.jpg	Senensetepuniptah	Khababash	Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in Nubia.	338–335 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>

Hellenistic periodEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Argead DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Alexander III of Macedon.jpg	Setpenre Meryamun	Aluksindres (Alexander the Great)	Formally Alexander III of Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt.	332–13 June 323 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Théodule Devéria (French) - (Close-up of a Sculpture (Profile of a Head), Karnak) - Google Art Project.jpg	Setpenre Meryamun	Pelupuisa (Philip Arrhidaeus)	Formally Philip III of Macedon. Mentally disabled half-brother of Alexander the Great.	323–317 BC
File:Alexandros IV Aigos Budge.png	Khaibre Setepenamun	Aluksindres (Alexander IV)	Formally Alexander IV of Macedon. Son of Alexander the Great and Roxana.	317–309 BC

Ptolemaic DynastyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra, who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and, after Caesar's death, of Mark Antony, having children with both of them.

Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. Between the death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own own death in late August 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. Ultimately, he was killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus. While younger children of Cleopatra did survive Egyptian-Roman war, Octavian denied them inheritance of Egypt.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg	Setpenre Meryamun	Ptolemy I Soter	—	7 November 305 – January 282 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Oktadrachmon Ptolemaios II Arsinoe II.jpg	Weserkare Meryamun	Ptolemy II Philadelphos	—	28 March 284 – 28 January 246 BC
File:Ptolemy III Euergetes.jpg	Iwaensenwinetjerwy Setepenre Sekhemankhenamun	Ptolemy III Euergetes	—	28 January 246 – November/December 222 BC
File:Octadrachm Ptolemy IV BM CMBMC33.jpg	Iwaennetjerwymenekhwy Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun	Ptolemy IV Philopator	Died in unclear circumstances, possibly by fire in the palace or murder.	November/December 222 – July/August 204 BC
File:Tetradrachm Ptolemy V.jpg	Iwaennetjerwymer(wy)it Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun	Ptolemy V Epiphanes	Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC	July/August 204 – September 180 BC
File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg	Iwaennetjerwyperu Setepenptahkheperi Irymaatamunre	Ptolemy VI Philometor	Lived under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; restored 163 BC Died 145 BC	Template:Circa May 180 – October 164 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>and 163 – Template:Circa July 145 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Cleopatra II.jpg	—	Cleopatra II	Wife of Ptolemy VI. Married Ptolemy VIII Template:Circa 145 BC; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt. Later reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII until 116 BC.	170 – October 164 BC and 163–127 BC and 124–116 BC
File:Ptolemy VIII - silver didrachma - líc.jpg	Iwaennetjerwyperwy Setepenptah Irymaatre Sekhemankhenamun	Ptolemy VIII Physcon	Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Restored 145–131 BC and again in 127 BC. Died 116 BC	171–163 BC and 144–131 BC and 127–116 BC
File:Coin of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator.jpg	Panetjerhunu Meriyetef	Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator	Proclaimed co-ruler by his father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II	145–144 BC
File:Cleopatra III.jpg	—	Cleopatra III	Second wife of Ptolemy VIII. Restored with Ptolemy VIII in 127 BC; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. Murdered by her own son Ptolemy X.	142–131 BC and 127–107 BC
File:Coin of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator.jpg	—	Ptolemy Memphites	Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII	131 BC
File:Edfu29.JPG	Iwa(en)netjermenekhnetjeretmeretmutesnedjet(et) Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhemankhamun	Ptolemy IX Soter	Died 80 BC	28 June 116–October 110 BC and 88-81 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Ptolemy X Alexander I Louvre Ma970.jpg	Iwa(en)netjermenekhenetjeretmenkhetre Setepenptah Irimaatre Senenankhenamun	Ptolemy X Alexander	Died 88 BC	October 110–February 109 BC and 107-88 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Berenice III.jpg	—	Berenice III	Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later	81–80 BC
	—	Ptolemy XI Alexander	Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III	80 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg	Iwaenpanetjernehem Setepenptah Irimaatenre Sekhemankhamen	Ptolemy XII Auletes	Son of Ptolemy IX; deposed in 58 BC Reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death in 51 BC	80–58 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/> and 55–51 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Ra80-HDD-b.jpg	—	Cleopatra V Tryphaena	Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV	79–68 BC
File:Ra80-HDD-b.jpg	—	Cleopatra VI	Supposed daughter of Ptolemy XII, theorised by some Egyptologists to actually be the same person as Cleopatra V.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>	58–57 BC
File:Berenice IV.jpg	—	Berenice IV	Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had him strangled; later married Archelaos of Comana. Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC.	58–55 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
	—	Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator	Son and designated heir of Ptolemy XII Auletes alongside his sister Cleopatra. Supposedly drowned during Battle of the Nile (47 BC).	51-47 BC
	—	Ptolemy XIV Philopator	Brother-husband and nominal co-ruler of Cleopatra. Died young, allegedly poisoned by his sister-wife.<ref>Tyldesley, Joyce. Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Profile Books. 2009. pp. 145-146. Template:ISBN</ref>	47-44 BC
File:Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin1.jpg	—	Cleopatra VII	Ruled jointly with her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In modern usage, the stand-alone use of "Cleopatra" with no ordinal number usually refers to Cleopatra VII. Believed to committed suicide.	51<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> – 12 August 30 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:Jacopo Tintoretto - The Liberation of Arsinoe - WGA22667.jpg	—	Arsinoe IV	In opposition to Cleopatra VII	December 48 – January 47 BC
File:Denderah3 Cleopatra Cesarion.jpg	Iwapanetjernetynehem Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhem(ankh)enamun	Ptolemy XV Caesar	Eldest son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over.	2 September 44 – late August 30 BC

Native rebellions also took place under Greek rule:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—	—	Hugronaphor	Revolutionary pharaoh in the South	205–199 BC
—	—	Ankhmakis	Revolutionary pharaoh in the South	199–185 BC
—	—	Harsiesi	Revolutionary pharaoh in the South	131–130 BC

Queens considered Pharaohs by Sally-Ann Ashton:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:ArsinoeII.jpg	Khenem(et)ibenmaat Mer(et)netjru	Arsinoe II	Wife of Ptolemy II	Template:Circa 277 – July 270 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
File:BerenikeIIOnACoinOfPtolemyIII.jpg	—	Berenice II	Wife of Ptolemy III. Murdered.	244/243 – 222 BC
File:Oktadrachmon Arsinoe III.jpg	—	Arsinoe III	Wife of Ptolemy IV. Murdered.	220–204 BC
File:Cleopatra I.jpg	—	Cleopatra I Syra	Wife of Ptolemy V, regent of her son Ptolemy VI during his minority. Possible nominal co-ruler with her husband and son.	Template:Circa February 193 – 176 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>

RomeEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Luxor.Aswan & Qena 10.JPG

Egyptian relief depicting the Roman Emperor Trajan (right, reigned 98–117 AD) in full pharaonic style.

Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman dictator Julius Caesar and Roman general Mark Antony, but it was not until after her suicide (after Mark Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be Emperor Augustus Caesar) that Egypt became a province of the Roman Republic in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively only while in Egypt.

The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was Maximinus Daza (reigned 311–313 AD).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Egyptian Royal Genealogy (Old Broken Link) Template:Webarchive
Manetho and the King Lists Review of different primary king lists
Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty&History Period, by Dariusz Sitek Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English
Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings
Comparing the major Egyptian king lists Compares the Karnak, Adydos and Saqqara king lists
Digital Egypt for Universities

Template:Pharaohs Template:Ancient Egypt

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
File:Head of Ahmose I MET DP140854.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Nebpehtire	Ahmose I (Ahmosis I)	Brother and successor to Kamose, conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos.	{{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Cult statue of Amenhotep I, limestone - Museo Egizio Turin C 1372 p03.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Djeserkare	Amenhotep I	Son of Ahmose I. Amenhotep I led campaigns in Nubia down to the 3rd Nile cataract.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 146">Template:Cite book</ref> He also introduced the practice of having the tomb and funerary temple in separate locations rather than in the same location.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is possible that Amenhotep I and his mother Ahmose-Nefertari founded the tomb workers village of Deir-el-Medina, the two were honored as gods by later residents.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	{{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Bust of new kingdom pharaoh Thutmose I.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Aakheperkare	Thutmose I	Believed to be of non-royal origin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His mother is known to be Senseneb. Thutmose I established family control over the Egyptian throne for the next 175 years.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 146"/> Thutmose I defeated the Kingdom of Kush and destroyed Kerma in Nubia, he campaigned in Syria as far as the Euphrates River.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 146"/> He is also the father of Thutmose II and Hatshepsut.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 146"/>	{{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Stone block with relief at Karnak Temple Thutmosis II.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Aakheperenre	Thutmose II	Son of Thutmose I. Grandson of Ahmose I through his mother, Mutnofret.<ref>Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 131</ref>	1482-1480/1479 BC<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
File:Seated Statue of Hatshepsut MET Hatshepsut2012.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Maatkare	Hatshepsut	The second known female ruler of Egypt. Ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Famous for her expedition to Punt documented on her famous Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahari. Built many temples and monuments. Ruled during the height of Egypt's power. Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:TuthmosisIII-2.JPG {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Menkheperre	Thutmose III	Son of Thutmose II. He ruled jointly with Hatshepsut, his aunt and step-mother, during the early part of her reign.<ref>Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic. pp. 151–152. Template:ISBN.</ref> Famous for his territorial expansion into the Levant and Nubia. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated Hatshepsut's name and image from temples and monuments.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Amenophis II-E 10896-IMG 0085-gradient.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Aakheperrure	Amenhotep II	Son of Thutmose III. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Thumtmoses IV-E 13889-IMG 0034-gradient.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Menkheperure	Thutmose IV	Famous for his Dream Stele. Son of Amenhotep II. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Head of statue depicting new kingdom pharaoh Amenhotep III.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Nebmaatre	Amenhotep III	Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun. Ruled Egypt at the height of its power. Built many temples and monuments, including his enormous Mortuary Temple. Was the son of Thutmose IV.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:GD-EG-Caire-Musée061.JPG {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Neferkheperure Waenre	Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten (Achencheres)	Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic Atenism, centered around the worship of the Aten, an image of the sun disc. He moved the capital to Akhetaten. Was the second son of Amenhotep III. He changed his name from Amenhotep (Amun is pleased) to Akhenaten (Effective for the Aten) to reflect his religion change.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Spaziergang im Garten Amarna Berlin.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Ankhkheperure	Smenkhkare	Married to Meritaten, daughter of Akhenaten. Identity and sex of Smenkhare is uncertain, with suggestions they were either male relative of Akhenaten, or Queen Nefertiti, main wife of Akhenaten, who took ceremonial male identity as King. It's unknown if Smenkhkare ever was sole ruler, or if they died as co-regent of Akhenaten.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	1340–1337 BC<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or 1336–1334<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
	Ankhkheperure	Neferneferuaten	Female pharaoh. Speculated to be former queen consort Neferneferuaten Nefertiti, because of name similarity. Might have been the same person as Smenkhkare, as they shared the same throne name; alternatively Neferneferuaten was ruling queen, while Smenkhkare was a male king.	1336–1332 BC<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Nebkheperure	Tutankhaten / Tutankhamun	Believed to be a son of Akhenaten.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion. His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the monolatristic Atenism to the classic religion, of which Amun is a major deity. He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen.	1332–1323 BC<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:Royal couple-MAHG 12440-IMG 9577-detail.JPG {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Kheperkheperure	Ay II	Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. Possibly the brother of Tiye, Great Wife of Amenhotep III, and also possibly father of Nefertiti, Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty. Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir.	1323–1320 BC<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
File:StatueOfHoremhebAndTheGodHorus-DetailOfHoremheb01 KunsthistorischesMuseum Nov13-10.jpg {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Djeserkheperure Setpenre	Horemheb	Born a Commoner. Was a General during the Amarna Period. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them. Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir.	check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}

List of pharaohs

Ancient Egyptian king listsEdit

Predynastic PeriodEdit

Lower EgyptEdit

Upper EgyptEdit

Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0Edit

Early Dynastic PeriodEdit

First DynastyEdit

Second DynastyEdit

Old KingdomEdit

Third DynastyEdit

Fourth DynastyEdit

Fifth DynastyEdit

Sixth DynastyEdit

First Intermediate PeriodEdit

Seventh and Eighth DynastiesEdit

Ninth DynastyEdit

Tenth DynastyEdit

Eleventh DynastyEdit

Middle KingdomEdit

Eleventh Dynasty cont.Edit

Twelfth DynastyEdit

Second Intermediate PeriodEdit

Thirteenth DynastyEdit

Fourteenth DynastyEdit

Fifteenth DynastyEdit

Abydos DynastyEdit

Sixteenth DynastyEdit

Seventeenth DynastyEdit

New KingdomEdit

Eighteenth DynastyEdit

Nineteenth DynastyEdit

Twentieth DynastyEdit

Third Intermediate PeriodEdit

Twenty-First DynastyEdit

Theban High Priests of AmunEdit

Twenty-Second DynastyEdit

Twenty-Third DynastyEdit

Twenty-Fourth DynastyEdit

Twenty-Fifth DynastyEdit

Late PeriodEdit

Twenty-Sixth DynastyEdit

Twenty-Seventh DynastyEdit

Twenty-Eighth DynastyEdit

Twenty-Ninth DynastyEdit

Thirtieth DynastyEdit

Thirty-First DynastyEdit

Hellenistic periodEdit

Argead DynastyEdit

Ptolemaic DynastyEdit

RomeEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit