Template:Short description Template:Redirect-distinguish Template:Use Hiberno-English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox saint Saint Brigid of Kildare or Saint Brigid of Ireland (Template:Langx; Classical Irish: Brighid; Template:Langx; Template:CircaTemplate:Spaced en dashTemplate:Circa) is the patroness saint (or 'mother saint') of Ireland, and one of its three national saints along with Patrick and Columba. According to medieval Irish hagiographies, she was an abbess who founded the important abbey of Kildare (Cill Dara),<ref name="Jestice2004">Template:Cite book</ref> as well as several other convents of nuns. There are few documented historical facts about her, and her hagiographies are mainly anecdotes and miracle tales, some of which are rooted in pagan folklore.<ref name="Farmer">Farmer, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. pp.66–67, 467–470.</ref> They say Brigid was the daughter of an Irish clan chief and an enslaved Christian woman, and was fostered in a druid's household before becoming a consecrated virgin.<ref>Staff, "St. Brigid of Ireland", Catholic Online.</ref> She is patroness of many things, including poetry, learning, healing, protection, blacksmithing, livestock, and dairy production. In her honour, a perpetual fire was kept burning at Kildare for centuries.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Some historians suggest that Brigid is a Christianisation of the Celtic goddess BrigidTemplate:Cn. The saint's feast day is 1 February, and traditionally it involves weaving Brigid's crosses and many other folk customs. It was originally a pre-Christian festival called Imbolc, marking the beginning of spring. Since 2023, it has been a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This feast day is shared by Dar Lugdach, who tradition says was her student, close companion, and successor. Template:TOC limit
NameEdit
The saint has the same name as the goddess Brigid, derived from the Proto-Celtic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "high, exalted", and ultimately originating with Proto-Indo-European {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. In Old Irish, her name was spelled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. In Modern Irish she is also called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name=":0" /> In Welsh, she is called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (sometimes lenited to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), such as in several places called Llansanffraid, "St. Brigit's church". She is also referred to as "the Mary of the Gael",<ref>Woods, R. J., Christian Spirituality: God's Presence Through the Ages (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2006), p. 123.</ref> "the Mary of Ireland"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the "Mother Saint of Ireland".<ref name="stations">Template:Cite book</ref> A less common name is "Brigid of Faughart", after her traditional birthplace.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoricityEdit
There is debate over whether Brigid was a real person. There are few historical facts about her, and early hagiographies "are mainly anecdotes and miracle stories, some of which are deeply rooted in Irish pagan folklore".<ref name="Farmer"/> She has the same name as the Celtic goddess Brigid, and there are many supernatural events and folk customs associated with her.<ref>Monaghan, P., The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore (New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2004), pp. 59–60.</ref>Template:Rp Like the saint, the goddess in Irish myth is associated with poetry, healing, protection, smithcraft, and domestic animals, according to Sanas Cormaic and Lebor Gabála Érenn.<ref name="ohogain">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An Encyclopaedia of the Irish Folk Tradition. Prentice-Hall Press, 1991. pp. 60–61.</ref>Template:Rp Furthermore, the saint's feast day falls on the Gaelic traditional festival of Imbolc.<ref name="ohogain"/> Some scholars suggest that the saint is a Christianisation of the goddess; others that she was a real person whose mythos took on the goddess's attributes. Medieval art historian Pamela Berger argues that Christian monks "took the ancient figure of the mother goddess and grafted her name and functions onto her Christian counterpart".<ref name="Berger">Template:Cite book</ref> Dáithí Ó hÓgáin and others suggest that the saint had been chief druid at the temple of the goddess Brigid, was responsible for converting it into a Christian monastery, and that after her death, the name and characteristics of the goddess became attached to the saint.<ref name="ohogain" /><ref name="wb">Wright, Brian. Brigid: Goddess, Druidess and Saint. The History Press, 2011. pp. 36–37.</ref><ref>Lentz, R., & Gateley, E., Christ in the Margins (Ossining, NY: Orbis Books, 2003), p. 121.</ref>Template:Rp
LifeEdit
SourcesEdit
Among the most ancient accounts of St Brigid are two Old Irish hymns; the first by St Ultan of Ardbraccan (died Template:Circa), Brigit Bé Bithmaith ('Brigid ever-excellent woman') also known as "Ultan's hymn",<ref>David Howlett,The Old-Irish Hymn "Brigit Bé Bithmaith", Peritia: Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland 22–23, 2011–2012, p. 182–187; cf. https://www.vanhamel.nl/codecs/Brigit_bé_bithmaith and https://triasthaumaturga.blogspot.com/2012/02/the-hymn-in-praise-of-saint-brigid-by.html</ref> and the second is "Broccán's hymn", composed by St Broccán Clóen (died Template:Circa) at the request of Ultan who was his tutor.<ref>Ancient Irish hymn of St. Brogan-Cloen in praise of St. Brigid, Irish Ecclesiastical Record vol 4, February 1868, p. 221-237; Whitley Stokes, Goidelica: Old and Early-middle-Irish Glosses, Prose and Verse, 1872, p. 137-146 (see p. 133-137 for Ultan's hymn); cf. https://www.vanhamel.nl/codecs/N%C3%AD_car_Brigit, https://www.vanhamel.nl/codecs/Preface_to_Broccán%27s_hymn and https://triasthaumaturga.blogspot.com/2012/02/the-hymn-in-praise-of-saint-brigid-of.html</ref> Two early Lives of St Brigid in Hiberno-Latin prose, the Vita Sanctae Brigitae I and II, were written in the 7th–8th centuries, the first one possibly by St Aleran (died in 665), lector of Clonard, the second by Cogitosus, a monk of Kildare.<ref>See https://www.vanhamel.nl/codecs/Vita_prima_sanctae_Brigitae and https://www.vanhamel.nl/codecs/Vita_sanctae_Brigitae_(Cogitosus); the priority of one or the other Life is disputed; an earlier, lost, Life, has also been postulated, cf. https://www.vanhamel.nl/codecs/Vita_sanctae_Brigitae_(lost).</ref> An Old Irish prose Life, Bethu Brigte, was composed in the 9th century.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several later Latin and Irish Lives of the saint were composed. The Vita III, in hexameter verse, is sometimes attributed to St Coelan of Inishcaltra of the 7th–8th centuries,<ref>https://www.omniumsanctorumhiberniae.com/2013/07/saint-coelan-of-inis-cealtra-july-29.html ; see Ludwig Bieler, "Recent Research on Irish Hagiography", Studies, vol. 35, 1946, p. 537.</ref> but appears more likely to have been written by St Donatus, an Irish monk who became Bishop of Fiesole in 824.<ref>http://sip.mirabileweb.it/title/vita-sanctae-brigidae-91-vita-metrica91-(has-ego-d-title/24614 and https://triasthaumaturga.blogspot.com/2012/02/a-commentary-on-life-of-saint-brigid-by.html ; see D. N. Kissane, Uita metrica sanctae Brigidae: a critical edition with introduction, commentary and indexes, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy vol. 77, 1977, p. 57-192.</ref> In Donatus' prologue, it refers to the earlier Lives by St Ultan (see before for his hymn), St. Aleran (see "Vita I") and an Anonymus.<ref name=catholic/> A 34-hexameter Latin poem about St Brigid had previously been composed by the Irish Roman cleric Colman Template:Circa.
Discussion on dates for the annals and the accuracy of dates relating to St Brigid continues.<ref>See AP Smyth, "The earliest Irish Annals: their first contemporary entries and the earliest centres of recording", Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy lxxii C (1972), pp 1–48 Daniel McCarthy: The chronology of St. Brigit of Kildare, in Peritia, xiv (2000), pp 255–81.</ref>
Early lifeEdit
Because of the legendary quality of the earliest accounts of her life, there is debate among many secular scholars and Christians as to the truthfulness of her biographies.
Her year of birth is usually given as 451 or 452 AD.<ref name="Butler's Lives">Template:Cite book</ref> One tradition is that Brigid was born at Faughart<ref name="Butler's Lives"/> (just north of Dundalk), in Conaille Muirtheimne, part of the Kingdom of Ulaid. Another tradition is that she was born at Ummeras, near Kildare.<ref name="Farmer"/> All early sources say she was one of the Fothairt, a people mainly based in Leinster.<ref name="ohogain"/> Three biographies name her mother as Broicsech, a slave who had been baptised by Saint Patrick. They name her father as Dubhthach, a chieftain of Leinster.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Vitae says that Dubhthach's wife forced him to sell Brigid's mother to a druid when she became pregnant.<ref name="ohogain"/> This might have been inspired by the Biblical story of Abraham and Hagar.<ref name="Charles-Edwards"/> An 8th-century account calls the druid Maithghean.<ref name="ohogain"/> It says Broicsech gave birth to Brigid at dawn, on the threshold, while bringing milk into the druid's house. This liminality seems to be a vestige of druidic lore.<ref name="ohogain"/> Brigid was thus born into slavery. Legends of her early holiness include her vomiting when the druid tried to feed her, due to his impurity; a white cow with red ears arrives to sustain her instead.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Brigid's druid stepfather is portrayed somewhat sympathetically in the stories. He can see that Brigid is special, he is concerned for Brigid's welfare, and he eventually frees her and her mother.<ref name="Charles-Edwards"/>
Cogitosus said she spent her youth as a farm worker; churning butter, shepherding the flocks and tending the harvest.<ref name="ohogain"/>
As she grew older, Brigid was said to have worked miracles, including healing and feeding the poor. According to one tale, as a child, she once gave away her mother's entire store of butter. The butter was then replenished in answer to Brigid's prayers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Around the age of ten, she was returned as a household servant to her father, where her charity led her to donate his belongings to the poor.<ref>"St. Brigid of Ireland", CNA</ref>
In both of the earliest biographies, Dubhthach is so annoyed with Brigid that he took her in a chariot to the King of Leinster to sell her. While Dubhthach was talking to the king, Brigid gave away her father's bejewelled sword to a beggar to barter it for food to feed his family. The king recognised her holiness and convinced Dubhthach to grant his daughter freedom.<ref name="Bitel">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Religious lifeEdit
It is said that Brigid was "veiled" or became a consecrated virgin either through Saint Mac Caille, Bishop of Cruachán Brí Éile,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or by St Mél of Ardagh at Mág Tulach (the present barony of Fartullagh, County Westmeath), who gave her the powers of an abbess.
According to tradition, around 480 Brigid founded a monastery at Kildare (Cill Dara, "church of the oak").<ref name="Kildare">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Brigid, with an initial group of seven companions, is credited with organising communal consecrated religious life for women in Ireland.<ref name="cna">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She founded two monasteries; one for men, the other for women. Brigid became the first Abbess of Kildare and invited Conleth (Conláed), a hermit from Connell, to help her; he became the first Bishop of Kildare. It has often been said that she gave canonical jurisdiction to Conleth, but Archbishop Healy says that she simply "selected the person to whom the Church gave this jurisdiction", and her biographer tells us that she chose Saint Conleth "to govern the church along with herself". For centuries, Kildare was ruled by a double line of abbot-bishops and abbess-bishops,<ref> "Multiple medieval sources insist she was ordained as a bishop, a status that her successors as abbess of Kildare shared until Ireland’s ecclesiastical hierarchy was drastically revised in 1152." Callan M. “The Safest City of Refuge”: Brigid the Bishop. In: Sacred Sisters: Gender, Sanctity, and Power in Medieval Ireland. Amsterdam University Press; 2019,p85</ref> the Abbess of Kildare being regarded as superior general of the monasteries in Ireland.<ref name="catholic">{{#if:||{{#if:St. Brigid of Ireland|File:Wikisource-logo.svg|File:PD-icon.svg}} }}{{#if:|One or more of the preceding sentences|This article}} incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: {{#invoke:template wrapper|{{#if:|list|wrap}}|_template=cite Catholic Encyclopedia
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|}}}}}}}}</ref> Her successors have always been accorded episcopal honour.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Brigid's oratory at Kildare became a centre of religion and learning, and developed into a cathedral city.<ref name=catholic/>
Brigid is credited with founding a school of art, including metalwork and illumination, which Conleth oversaw. The Kildare scriptorium made the Book of Kildare, which drew high praise from Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), but disappeared during the Reformation. According to Giraldus, nothing that he ever saw was at all comparable to the book, every page of which was gorgeously illuminated, and the interlaced work and the harmony of the colours left the impression that "all this is the work of angelic, and not human skill".<ref name=catholic/>
According to the Trias Thaumaturga Brigid spent time in Connacht and founded many churches in the Diocese of Elphin. She is said to have visited Longford, Tipperary, Limerick, and South Leinster.<ref name=Joyce/> Her friendship with Saint Patrick is noted in the following paragraph from the Book of Armagh: "inter sanctum Patricium Brigitanque Hibernesium columnas amicitia caritatis inerat tanta, ut unum cor consiliumque haberent unum. Christus per illum illamque virtutes multas peregit" ("Between St. Patrick and St. Brigid, the pillars of the Irish people, there was so great a friendship of charity that they had but one heart and one mind. Through him and through her Christ performed many great works".)<ref name=catholic/> However, given that the 'historical' Brigid was born in 451 and Saint Patrick died circa 461, this is unlikely.
The monk Ultan of Ardbraccan, who wrote the life of Brigid, recounts a story that Darlugdach, Brigid's favourite pupil, fell in love with a young man and, hoping to meet him, snuck out of the bed in which she and Brigid were sleeping. However, recognising her spiritual peril, she prayed for guidance, then placed burning embers in her shoes and put them on. "Thus, by fire", Ultan wrote, "she put out fire, and by pain extinguished pain."<ref name="TO">Template:Cite DNB</ref> She then returned to bed. Brigid feigned sleep but was aware of Darlugdach's departure. The next day, Darlugdach revealed to Brigid the experience of the night before. Brigid reassured her that she was "now safe from the fire of passion and the fire of hell hereafter" and then healed her student's feet.<ref name="TO" /> The name Darlugdach (also spelt Dar Lugdach or Dar Lughdacha) means "daughter of the god Lugh".<ref name="wb"/>Template:Rp
DeathEdit
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Brigid is said to have been given the last rites when she was dying by Saint Ninnidh of the Pure Hand. Afterwards, he reportedly had his right hand encased in metal so that it would never be defiled, and this was the origin of his epithet.<ref name=catholic/> Tradition says she died at Kildare on 1 February. Her year of death is usually placed around 524 or 525.<ref name="Butler's Lives"/><ref name="Farmer"/><ref name="sisters">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Upon Brigid's death, Darlugdach became the second abbess of Kildare. Darlugdach was so devoted to her mentor that when Brigid lay dying Darlugdach expressed the wish to die with her, but Brigid replied that Darlugdach would die on the first anniversary of her (Brigid's) death.<ref name="TO" /> The Catholic Church has assigned 1 February as the feast day of both saints.<ref name="TO" />
MiraclesEdit
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Thomas Charles-Edwards wrote that Brigid's power is expressed in 'helping' miracles: healing, feeding the hungry, and rescuing the weak from violence. Unlike Saint Patrick, "most of her miracles were humble affairs for people of low rank" and she "never dictates the course of dynastic politics".<ref name="Charles-Edwards">Charles-Edwards, Thomas. "Early Irish Saints' Cults and Their Constituencies". Ériu, vol. 54, 2004, pp.84–85, 88–89.</ref>
Dáithí Ó hÓgáin wrote that the melding of a pagan goddess and Christian saint can be seen in some of the miracles, where Brigid multiplies food, bestows cattle and sheep, controls the weather, and is associated with fire or thermal springs.<ref name="ohogain"/>
According to Brian Wright, the miracles of Brigid outlined by Cogitosus mostly concern healing; charity; cows, sheep and dairy; the harvest; fire; fertility/pregnancy; and her virginity/holiness.<ref>Wright, Brigid: Goddess, Druidess and Saint, p. 233.</ref>
- One of the most well-known stories is of Brigid asking the King of Leinster for land. She told the king that the place where she stood was the perfect spot for a convent. It was beside a forest where they could gather firewood and berries, there was a lake nearby that would provide water, and the land was fertile. The king laughed at her and refused to give her any land. Brigid prayed and asked God to soften the king's heart. Then she smiled at the king and said, "Will you give me as much land as my cloak will cover?" The king thought that she was joking and agreed. She told four of her sisters to take up the cloak, but instead of laying it flat on the turf, each sister, with face turned to a different point of the compass, began to run swiftly. The cloak grew in all directions and covered many acres of land. "Oh, Brigid!" said the frightened king, "what are you about?". "I am, or rather my cloak is about covering your whole province to punish you for your stinginess to the poor". "Call your maidens back. I will give you a decent plot of ground." The saint was persuaded, and if the king held his purse-strings tight in the future, she had only to allude to her cloak to bring him to reason. Soon afterward, the king became a Christian, began to help the poor, and commissioned the building of the convent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This story was probably inspired by that of Dido.<ref name="ohogain"/>
- After Brigid promised God a life of chastity, her brothers were annoyed at the loss of a bride price. When she was outside carrying a load past a group of poor people, some began to laugh at her. A man named Bacene said to her, "The beautiful eye which is in your head will be betrothed to a man though you like it or not". In response, Brigid thrust her finger in her eye and said, "Here is that beautiful eye for you. I deem it unlikely that anyone will ask you for a blind girl". Her brothers tried to save her and wash away the blood from her wound, but there was no water to be found. Brigid said to them, "Put my staff about this sod in front of you", and after they did, a stream came forth from the ground. Then she said to Bacene, "Soon your two eyes will burst in your head", and it happened as she said.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> This story was probably inspired by the lore of Saint Lucy.<ref name="ohogain"/>
- When Brigid was of marital age, a man by the name of Dubthach maccu Lugair came to woo her. Since Brigid had offered her virginity to God, she told the man that she could not accept him but that he should go to the woods behind his house where he would find a beautiful maiden to marry. Everything that he said to the maiden's parents would be pleasing to them. The man followed her instructions and Brigid's prophecy came true.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
- Brigid, who was an expert dairywoman and brewer, was reputed to turn water into beer.<ref name=Bitel/>
- The prayers of Saint Brigid were said to still the wind and the rain.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- In one story, Brigid protected a woman from a nobleman who had entrusted a silver brooch to the woman for safekeeping but then secretly had thrown it into the sea. He charged her with stealing it, knowing that he could take her as a slave if a judge ruled in his favour. The woman fled and sought refuge with Brigid's community. By chance, one of her fishermen caught a fish which, when cut open, was found to have swallowed the brooch. The nobleman freed the woman, confessed his sin, and bowed in submission to Brigid.<ref name=Bitel/> This is also an Irish version of a widespread story; another version is told of Saint Mungo/Kentigern.<ref name="ohogain"/>
- When Brigid was travelling to see a doctor for a headache, she stayed at the house of a Leinster couple who had two mute daughters. The daughters were travelling with Brigid when her horse startled, causing her to fall and graze her head on a stone. A touch of Brigid's blood healed the girls of their muteness.<ref name=Bitel/>
- Brigid is said to have preserved a nun's chastity in unusual circumstances. Liam de Paor (1993)<ref name="ldp">Template:Cite book</ref> and Connolly & Picard (1987), in their complete translations of Cogitosus, give substantially the same translation<ref name="ldp" />Template:Rp of the account of Brigid's ministry to a nun who had failed to keep her vow of chastity and had become pregnant. In the 1987 translation: "A certain woman who had taken the vow of chastity fell, through the youthful desire of pleasure, and her womb swelled with child. Brigid, exercising the most potent strength of her ineffable faith, blessed her, causing the child to disappear, without coming to birth, and without pain. She faithfully returned the woman to health and to penance". The Brigid Alliance, an American NGO that assists people seeking abortions, was named after St Brigid in reference to this miracle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Charity holiday gift The New York Times (subscription required)</ref>
- When on the bank of the River Inny, Brigid was given a gift of apples and sweet sloes. She later entered a house where many lepers begged her for these apples, which she offered willingly. The woman who had given the gift to Brigid was angered by this, saying that she had not given the gift to the lepers. Brigid was angry at the woman for withholding from the lepers and cursed her trees so they would no longer bear fruit. Another woman gave Brigid the same gift, and again Brigid gave them to begging lepers. This woman asked that she and her garden be blessed. Brigid said that a large tree in the garden would have twofold fruit from its offshoots, and this came true.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
VenerationEdit
Brigid is honoured on 1 February in the calendars of the Catholic Church in Ireland, as well as the Anglican Church of Ireland, Church of England,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Episcopal Church.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
She is a patroness saint of Ireland (and one of its three national saints), as well as of healers, poets, blacksmiths, livestock and dairy workers, among others.<ref name="Farmer"/>
Brigid is said to have been buried at the high altar of the original Kildare Cathedral, and a tomb raised over her<ref name=catholic/> "adorned with gems and precious stones and crowns of gold and silver".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In the late 12th century, Gerald of Wales wrote that nineteen nuns took turns keeping a perpetual fire burning at Kildare in honour of Brigid, and that this fire had been burning since Brigid's time.<ref name="Butler's Lives"/> He said it was ringed by a hedge that no man was allowed to cross.<ref name="Farmer"/> According to Gerald, each of the nineteen nuns took their turns guarding the fire overnight, but every twentieth night Brigid was said to return to keep the fire burning: "the nineteenth nun puts the logs beside the fire and says 'Brigid, guard your fire, this is your night'. And in this way the fire is left there, and in the morning the wood, as usual, has been burnt and the fire is still alight".<ref name="Butler's Lives"/> It has been suggested that this perpetual fire was originally part of a temple of Brigit the goddess.<ref name="Butler's Lives"/>
Saint Brigid's DayEdit
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Saint Brigid's feast day is 1 February. Cogitosus, writing in the late 7th century, is the first to mention a feast day of Saint Brigid being observed in Kildare on this date.<ref name="ohogain"/> It was also the date of Imbolc, a seasonal festival that is believed to have pre-Christian origins.<ref name="ohogain"/><ref name="stations"/> Imbolc is one of four Gaelic seasonal festivals, along with Bealtaine (1 May), Lughnasa (1 August), and Samhain (1 November).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The customs of Saint Brigid's Day did not begin to be recorded in detail until the early modern era. Brigid's crosses are traditionally made on her feast day. These are three- or four-armed crosses woven from rushes. They are hung over doors and windows for protection against fire, lightning, illness and evil spirits.<ref name="Danaher">Danaher, Kevin (1972) The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, pp.20–25, 97–98.</ref>
On St Brigid's Eve, Brigid was said to visit virtuous households and bless the inhabitants.<ref name="stations"/> People left items of clothing or strips of cloth outside overnight for Brigid to bless. These were believed to have powers of healing and protection.<ref name="stations"/> Brigid would be symbolically invited into the home and a bed would often be made for her. In some places, a family member who represented Brigid would circle the house three times carrying rushes. They would then knock on the door three times before being welcomed in.<ref name="Danaher"/>
In Ireland and parts of Scotland, a doll representing Brigid would be paraded around the community by girls and young women. Known as the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('little Brigid'), anglicized 'Breedhoge' or 'Biddy', it was made from rushes or reeds and clad in bits of cloth, flowers, or shells.<ref name="stations"/> In some areas, a girl took on the role of Brigid. Escorted by other girls, she went house-to-house wearing 'Brigid's crown' and carrying 'Brigid's shield' and 'Brigid's cross', all of which were made from rushes.<ref name="Danaher"/>
Holy wells are often visited on St Brigid's Day, especially those wells dedicated to her.<ref name="Danaher"/>
St Brigid's Day parades have been revived in the town of Killorglin, County Kerry, which holds a yearly "Biddy's Day Festival". Men and women wearing elaborate straw hats and masks visit public houses carrying a Brídeóg to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck for the coming year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
RelicsEdit
About the year 878, owing to Viking raids, Brigid's relics were purportedly taken to Downpatrick and reburied in the tomb of St Patrick and St Columba. The relics of the three saints were said to have been found in 1185 by John de Courcy, and on 9 June of the following year he had them solemnly reburied in Down Cathedral.<ref name=catholic/> They are said to have remained in Down Cathedral until 1538, when the relics were desecrated and destroyed during the deputyship of Lord Grey, excepting Brigid's head which was saved by some of the clergymen who took it to the Franciscan monastery of Neustadt, in Austria. In 1587 it was presented to the church of the Society of Jesus in Lisbon by Emperor Rudolph II,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="cm">Template:Cite book</ref> that is the Igreja de São Roque (Church of St Roch), where a frontal part of her skull is still venerated.<ref name="cm" /> However, an occipital part of the skull could already have reached Portugal in the 13th century, preserved in the Igreja São João Batista (Church of St. John the Baptist), on the Lumiar (near Lisbon Airport), where it is venerated on 2 February (not 1 February, as in Ireland).<ref>Template:Cite AV mediaTemplate:Cbignore</ref> According to the local tradition of the latter church, St. Brigid's head would have been carried to King Dinis of Portugal in 1283 by three Irish knights travelling to the Aragonese Crusade. A commemorative inscription on the northern façade of the church, in 16th-century characters, reads: "Here in these three tombs lie the three Irish knights who brought the head of St. Brigid, Virgin, a native of Ireland, whose relic is preserved in this chapel. In memory of which, the officials of the Altar of the same Saint caused this to be done in January AD 1283."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; see Gabriela Morais, Lisboa guarda Segredos Milenares. Santa Brígida, uma Deusa Céltica no Lumiar, Lisboa: Apenas Livros Lda., “Os Vicentes”, no 7, 2011, p. 31-38, and Miguel Alarcão , Uma Santa e Três Cavaleiros: a Propósito da Igreja Paroquial do Lumiar, REAP (Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses)-JAPS (Journal of Anglo-Portuguese Studies) 28, 2019, p. 57-75.</ref> It is in fact only from the mid-16th century onwards that this church assumed the invocation of Saint Brígida when a new side chapel was built and dedicated to her.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1884, Francis Cardinal Moran, Archbishop of Sydney, obtained a relic of the saint's tooth from the parochial church of St. Martin of Tours in Cologne in the German Empire and gave it to the Brigidine Sisters in Melbourne. Cardinal Moran wrote about the circumstances in which he obtained the tooth in a letter to the Reverend Mother of this Convent dated 13 March 1906:
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I went all the way to Cologne on my return from Rome in 1884, on my appointment of Archbishop of Sydney to secure a portion of the precious relic of St. Brigid preserved there for over a thousand years. It is venerated at present in the Parochial Church of St. Martin to which in olden times was attached a famous Irish monastery….. The relic is, if I remember aright, a tooth of the Saint. At Cologne, I found great difficulty in securing a portion of this relic. It was at first peremptorily refused. The Pastor of St. Martin's declared that his parishioners would be at once in revolt if they heard that their great parochial treasure was being interfered with. I then had to invoke the aid of an influential Canon of the Cathedral of Cologne, whom I had assisted in some of his literary pursuits and he set his heart on procuring the coveted relic. One of his arguments was somewhat amusing: It was the first time that an Irish Archbishop of the remote See of Sydney had solicited a favour from Cologne. It was the new Christian world appealing to the old for a share of its sacred wealth. At all events our pleading was successful and, and I bore away with me a portion of the bone, duly authenticated, which is now the privilege of you good Sisters to guard and venerate….<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In 1905, Sister Mary Agnes of the Dundalk Convent of Mercy took a purported fragment of the skull to St. Bridget'sTemplate:Sic Church in Kilcurry. In 1928, Fathers Timothy Traynor and James McCarroll requested another fragment for St. Brigid's Church in Killester, a request granted by the Bishop of Lisbon, António Mendes Belo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The city of Armagh had several associations with St. Brigid. In the twelfth century, the city had two crosses dedicated to Brigid, though, according to the Monasticon Hibernicum, purported relics of the saint reposing in Armagh were lost in an accidental fire in 1179. In the seventeenth century, Armagh also had a street named Brigid located near Brigid's church in the area called "Brigid's Ward."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The Old Saint Peter's Church, Strasbourg contains also (unspecified) relics of St. Brigid, brought by the canons of St. Michael in 1398 when they were forced to leave their submerged abbey of Honau-Rheinau, itself founded by Irish monks.<ref>Fuhrmann, J. P., Irish Medieval Monasteries on the Continent (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 1927), p. 39.</ref>Template:Rp
IconographyEdit
In liturgical iconography and statuary, Saint Brigid is often depicted holding a Cross of Saint Brigid, a crozier of the sort used by abbots, and a lamp. Early hagiographers portray Brigid's life and ministry as touched with fire. According to Patrick Weston Joyce, tradition holds that nuns at her monastery kept an eternal flame burning there.<ref name="Joyce">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She is also often depicted with a cow, or sometimes geese.<ref name="Farmer"/> Leitmotifs, some of them borrowed from the apocrypha such as the story where she hangs her cloak on a sunbeam, are associated with the wonder tales of her hagiography and folklore. Cogitosus' circa 650 Vita Sanctae Brigidae portrays Brigid as having the power to multiply such things as butter, bacon, and milk, to bestow sheep and cattle, and to control the weather.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Plant motifs associated with St. Brigid include the white Lilium candidum popularly known since medieval times as the Madonna Lily for its association with the Virgin Mary, and the Windflower Anemone coronaria, called the "Brigid anemone" since the early 19th century.<ref>Geithmann, Harriet. "A Welcome member of the Spring and Falls Garden", House Beautiful, vol. 62, 1927, p. 418</ref> Heleborus niger augustifolius is also known as the "St. Brigid's Christmas Rose".<ref>"St. Brigid's Christmas Rose", The Garden, vol. 23, April 7, 1883, p. 317</ref> Kildare, the church of the oak Quercus petraea, is associated with a tree sacred to the druids.
PlacenamesEdit
IrelandEdit
Kilbride ("Church of Brigid") is one of Ireland's most widely found placenames, there are 45 Kilbrides located in 19 of Ireland's 32 counties: Antrim (2), Carlow, Cavan, Down, Dublin, Galway, Kildare, Kilkenny (3), Laois, Longford, Louth, Mayo (5), Meath (4), Offaly (4), Roscommon (2), Waterford, Westmeath (2), Wexford (4), and Wicklow (8) as well as two Kilbreedys in Tipperary, Kilbreedia and Toberbreeda in Clare, Toberbreedia in Kilkenny, Brideswell Commons in Dublin, Bridestown and Templebreedy in Cork and Rathbride and Brideschurch in Kildare.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A number of placenames are derived from Cnoic Bhríde ("Brigid's Hill"), such as Knockbridge<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Louth and Knockbride<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Cavan.
WalesEdit
There are many traditions associating the saint with Wales, with dedications and folklore found across the country. As such, villages are often named for either a church or "Llan" associated with Bridget. These include the village, castle and parish of St Brides in Pembrokeshire (near St Brides Bay), the churches and villages of St. Brides-super-Ely and St Brides Major in the Vale of Glamorgan, the church and village of St. Brides Netherwent in Monmouthshire and the church of St Brides, in Newport, the village of Llansanffraid Glan Conwy in Conwy, Llansantffraid in Ceredigion, and the villages of Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain and Llansantffraed in Powys.
ScotlandEdit
In Scotland, East Kilbride and West Kilbride are called after Brigid. Lhanbryde, near Elgin, Scotland is thought to be Pictish for "Church of Brigid". In Toryglen, on Glasgow's southside, there is St. Brigid's RC parish.<ref>St Brigid's Toryglen</ref>
In Hebridean mythology and folklore, one of the most prominent figures featured in ethnomusicologist Margaret Fay Shaw's iconic 1955 book Folksongs and Folklore of South Uist is St Brigid of Kildare, about whom many local stories, songs, and customs are recorded.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EnglandEdit
In Fleet Street, City of London stands St Bride's Church, substantially rebuilt since its foundation in the 600s (7th century).
Isle of ManEdit
In the Isle of Man, where the first name "Breeshey", the Manx form of the name is common, the parish of Bride is named after the saint.
ElsewhereEdit
- In the United States, in Marshall County, Kansas, is the unincorporated community (or township) St. Bridget, described by some accounts as an extinct town.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- St. Bride's, Newfoundland and Labrador, at the southwest tip of the Avalon Peninsula, is named for St. Brigid, reflecting historical ties to southeastern Ireland
- St. Brigid Island in Antarctica is named after Brigid of Kildare.<ref>St. Brigid Island. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica</ref>
- Bierstadt, Germany, a borough of Wiesbaden, was originally named Birgidstadt, after the saint's name in German, Brigida von Kildare.
- In Argentina there are many locations that pay homage to Santa Brigida. Also, one of the biggest schools in Buenos Aires is the St. Brigid School next to Ireland Square in the Caballito Neighborhood, one of the popular destinations for Irish immigrants to the country.
OtherEdit
St. Brigid's popularity made the name Brigid (or its variants such as Brigitte, Bridie, and Bree) popular in Ireland over the centuries. One writer noted that at one time in history "every Irish family had a Patrick and a Brigid".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Haitian Vodou, Saint Brigid (along with the goddess Brigid and Mary Magdalene) is worshipped as the death loa Maman Brigitte, the consort of Baron Samedi.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Links with GlastonburyEdit
St. Brigid has long been linked to Glastonbury. Sites that depict her include Glastonbury Tor, where a stone carving of her milking a cow can be seen above one side of the entrance.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She also appears in a fresco painting that adorns the interior of St. Patrick's Chapel on the grounds of Glastonbury Abbey depicting the saint with a spindle, a bowl of fire, and a cow in the background.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
It is also documented by William of Malmesbury that ‘Wherefore the report is extremely prevalent that both Saint Indract and Saint Brigid, no mean inhabitants of Ireland, formerly came over to this spot. Whether Brigid returned home or died at Glastonbury is not sufficiently ascertained, though she left here some of her ornaments; that is to say, her necklace, bag, and implements for embroidering, which are yet shown in memory of her sanctity, and are efficacious in curing divers diseases.’<ref name="ehg">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The Benedictine Monk John of Glastonbury wrote in the mid-fourteenth century that the chapel which was excavated in Beckery was named after her; 'Saint Brigid made a stay of several years on an island near Glastonbury, called Bekery or Little Ireland, where there was an oratory consecrated in honour of Saint Mary Magdalene. She left there certain signs of her presence—her wallet, collar, bell, and weaving implements, which are exhibited and honoured there because of her holy memory—and she returned to Ireland, where, not much later, she rested in the Lord and was buried in the city of Down. The chapel on that island is now dedicated in honour of Saint Brigid; on its south side there is an opening through which, according to the belief of the common folk, anyone who passes will receive forgiveness of all his sins.’<ref name="ehg" />
Brides Mound in Beckery is also linked to St. Bridgid and in 2004 'Brigadine sisters, Mary and Rita Minehan, brought the perpetual Brigid flame (restored in 1993) from Solas Bhrde, in Kildare, during a Glastonbury Goddess Conference ceremony on Bride's Mound.'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
A fictionalised wish-granting version of Saint Brigid appears in the 2024 Netflix fantasy romantic comedy film Irish Wish.<ref>Gleiberman, O., "Lindsay Lohan Stars in a Synthetic Magical Rom-Com Trifle, but Her Chemistry With Ed Speleers Is No Blarney ", Variety, March 15, 2024.</ref>
The poet Catherine Ann Cullen has written a song "Brigid's Cloak".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite journal
- De Blacam, Hugh. "Saint Brigid: The Mary Of The Gael", The Saints of Ireland: The Life-Stories of SS. Brigid and Columcille, The Bruce Publishing Company, Milwaukee
- Condren, Mary. The Serpent and the Goddess (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989).
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