Timeline of LGBTQ history

File:Coming-Out Day 2020 in The Hague - Rainbow flags at Hofvijver next to the national parlement of the Netherlands - img 07.jpg

Rainbow flags in the Netherlands where Queen Beatrix signed a law to make it the first country to legalize same-sex marriage.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Template:LGBTQ sidebar The following is the timeline of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people's history.

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Before the Common Era

9th millennium BCE – 3rd millennium BCE

101st century BCE – 50th century BCE

• Template:Circa 9,600 BCE – c, 5,000 BCE – Mesolithic rock art in the Grotta dell'Addaura in Sicily depicts male figures in hives that have been interpreted variously, including as hunters, acrobats, religious initiates, and gay sex.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gay Awareness: Discovering the Heart of the Father and the Mind of Christ On Sexuality">Template:Cite book

</ref>

70th century BCE – 17th century BCE

• c. 7,000 BCE –1700 BCE – Among the sexual depictions in Neolithic and Bronze Age drawings and figurines from the Mediterranean area, as one author describes it, a "third sex" human figure having female breasts and male genitals or without distinguishing sex characteristics. In Neolithic Italy, female images are found in a domestic context, while images that combine sexual characteristics appear in burials or religious settings. In Neolithic Greece and Cyprus, figures are often dual-sexed or without identifying sexual characteristics.<ref name=Talalay2005>Template:Cite book</ref>

3rd millennium BCE

29th century BCE – 25th century BCE

• c. 2900 BCE – c. 2500 BCE – A burial of a suburb of Prague, Czech Republic, a male is buried in the outfit usually reserved for women. Archaeologists speculate that the burial corresponds to a transgender person or someone of the third sex.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

24th century BCE

• c. 2400 BCE – Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum are believed by some observers to be the first same-sex couple in recorded history, though others argue that they were brothers.<ref name="Gay Awareness: Discovering the Heart of the Father and the Mind of Christ On Sexuality" />

23rd century BCE or 23rd century BCE – 22nd century BCE

• 2284 BCE – 2246 BCE or 2184 BCE – Pepi II Neferkare, who ruled the Kingdom of Egypt as an absolute monarch under the title of Pharaoh of Egypt, is believed to have had a homosexual interpretation around nocturnal visits to his General Sasenet, though others argue that it was more likely that the story was intended to tarnish the reputation of the Pharaoh by associating him with homosexuality.<ref name="wanderingcaravan-bronzebuckaroo.blogspot.com">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>When writing about homosexuality, Meskell calls it "Another well documented example" Template:Cite book</ref><ref>More details at [1] & [2]</ref>

2nd millennium BCE

18th century BCE

• c. 1775 BCE – c. 1761 BCE – During the reign of King Zimri-Lim of the Kingdom of Mari, he is recorded to have male lovers.<ref name="The Construction of Homosexuality">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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15th century BCE – 12th century BCE

• c. 1500 BCE – c. 1101 BCE – The Code of Assura from either the Old Assyrian Empire or the Middle Assyrian Empire prescribes the following on male rape:<ref name="Nissinen">Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, by Martti Nissinen, Fortress Press, 2004, p. 24–28</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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"If a man tells another man, either privately or in a brawl, "Your wife is promiscuous; I will bring charges against her myself," but he is unable to substantiate the charge, and cannot prove it, he is to be caned, be sentenced to a month's hard labor for the king, be cut off, and pay one talent of lead."{{#if:Code of Assura, §18|{{#if:|}}

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"If a man has secretly started a rumour about his neighbor saying, "He has allowed men to have sex with him," or in a quarrel has told him in the presence of others, "Men have sex with you," and then, "I will bring charges against you myself," but is then unable to substantiate the charge, and cannot prove it, that man is to be caned, be sentenced to a month's hard labour for the king, be cut off, and pay one talent of lead."{{#if:Code of Assura, §19|{{#if:|}}

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"If a man has had sex with his neighbor he has been charged and convicted, he is to be considered defiled and made into a eunuch."{{#if:Code of Assura, §20|{{#if:|}}

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"If a man violates his own mother, it is a capital crime. If a man violates his daughter, it is a capital crime. If a man violates his son, it is capital crime."{{#if:Code of Assura, §189|{{#if:|}}

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1st millennium BCE

10th century BCE – 6th century BCE

• c. 1000 BCE – c. 500 BCE – The Vendidad dates from this period<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and within the text it states the following:

"Ahura Mazda answered: 'The man that lies with mankind as man lies with womankind, or as woman lies with mankind, is the man that is a Daeva; this one is the man that is a worshipper of the Daevas, that is a male paramour of the Daevas, that is a female paramour of the Daevas, that is a wife to the Daeva; this is the man that is as bad as a Daeva, that is in his whole being a Daeva; this is the man that is a Daeva before he dies, and becomes one of the unseen Daevas after death: so is he, whether he has lain with mankind as mankind, or as womankind."<ref name="Vendidad">Template:Cite book</ref>{{#if:Avesta, Vendidad, Fargard 8. Funerals and purification, unlawful sex, Section V (32) Unlawful lusts.|{{#if:|}}

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7th century BCE

• c. 700 BCE – The custom of castrating homosexual (and straight) slaves and house servants is introduced into Anshan from conquered territories of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Median Empire.<ref name="A Timeline of Gay World History">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• c. 630 BCE – Dorian aristocrats in Crete adopt formal relations between adult aristocrats and adolescent boys; an inscription from Crete is the oldest record of the social institution of paiderastia among the Greeks<ref>Kenneth Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1898), pp. 205–7</ref> (see Cretan pederasty). Marriage between men in Greece was not legally recognized, but men might form lifelong relationships originating in paiderastia ("pederasty," without the pejorative connotations of the English word). These partnerships were not dissimilar to heterosexual marriages except that the older person served as educator or mentor.<ref>Boswell, John (1994). Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe. New York: Vintage Books</ref>
• Sappho, a Greek lyric poet born on the island of Lesbos, was born between 630 and 612 BCE, and died around 570 BCE. The Alexandrians included her in the list of nine lyric poets. She was famous for her lesbian themes, giving her name and that of her homeland to the very definition of lesbianism (and the lesser used term of "sapphism"). She was exiled c. 600 BCE unrelated to lesbianism. She was later permitted to return.

6th century BCE

• 534 – 492 BCE – Duke Ling of Wey and Mizi Xia had a loving same-sex relationship, where various plays and stories have commemorated their love story in the phrase, "the bitten peach".<ref>Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. Published by the University of California Press. Pages 20-21.</ref>
• c. 540 – 530 BCE – Wall paintings from the Etruscan Tomb of the Bulls (Italian: Tomba dei Tori), found in 1892 in the Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, depict homosexual intercourse. The tomb is named for the pair of bulls who watch human sex scenes, one between a man and a woman, and the other between two men; these may be apotropaic, or embody aspects of the cycle of regeneration and the afterlife. The three-chamber tomb was inscribed with the name of the deceased for whom it was originally built, Aranth Spurianas or Arath Spuriana, and also depicts Achilles killing the Trojan prince Troilus, along with indications of Apollo cult.<ref>Stephan Steingräber, Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting (Getty Publications, 2006), pp. 67, 70, 91–92; Otto Brendel, Etruscan Art, translated by R. Serra Ridgway (Yale University Press, 1978, 1995), pp. 165–170; Fred S. Kleiner, A History of Roman Art (Wadsworth, 2007, 2010), p. xxxii.</ref>
• 521 BCE – The Achaemenid Empire crucifies Polycrates and suppresses pederasty in Samos, which causes pederastic poets Ibycus and Anacreon to flee Samos.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

5th century BCE

• c. 486 BCE – King Darius I adopts the Holiness Code of Leviticus for Persian Jews of the Achaemenid Empire, enacting the first ever state sanctioned death penalty for male same-sex relationships.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
• c. 440 BCE – Herodotus publishes Histories, stating in the book that Persians welcomed foreign customs, including adopting pederasty from the Greeks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

4th century BCE

• 385 BCE – Plato publishes Symposium in which Phaedrus, Eryximachus, Aristophanes and other Greek intellectuals argue that love between males is the highest form, while sex with women is lustful and utilitarian.<ref name="See 189c">Template:Cite book</ref> Socrates, however, differs.<ref name="See 201d">Template:Cite book</ref> He demonstrates extreme self-control when seduced by the beautiful Alcibiades.<ref name="See 214e">Template:Cite book</ref>
• 350 BCE – Plato publishes Laws in which the Athenian stranger and his companions criticize homosexuality as being lustful and wrong for society because it does not further the species and may lead to irresponsible citizenry.<ref name=Fone>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 346 BCE - Aeschines' speech Against Timarchus, who was on trial for male prostitution, reveals Athenian attitudes to homosexuality.<ref>Joseph Roisman, Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexandria, Blackwell, 2011</ref>
• 338 BCE – A thirteen year old prince Alexander III (the Great) meets a thirteen year old Hephaestion who would go on to be his life partner.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• 338 BCE – The Sacred Band of Thebes, a previously undefeated elite battalion made up of one hundred and fifty pederastic couples, is destroyed by the forces of Philip II of Macedon who bemoans their loss and praises their honour.<ref name=Haggerty2000>Template:Cite book</ref>

3rd or 2nd century BCE

• 227 BCE, 226 BCE, 216 BCE, or 149 BCE – During the Roman Republic, the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn youth; infrequently mentioned or enforced, it may also have been used to prosecute male citizens who willingly took the passive role in homosexual relations.<ref>Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 140–141.
  Template:*Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), pp. 86, 224.
  Template:*John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century (University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 63, 67–68.
  Template:*Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 116.</ref> It is unclear whether the penalty was death or a fine. For an adult male citizen to desire and engage in same-sex relations was considered natural and socially acceptable, as long as his partner was a male prostitute, slave or infamis, a person excluded from the legal protections accorded a citizen. In the Imperial period, the Lex Scantinia was revived by Domitian as part of his program of judicial and moral reform.<ref>Ben Nusbaum, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," in Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition (Haworth Press, 2005), p. 231.</ref>

1st century BCE

• c. 90s – 80s BCE – Quintus Lutatius Catulus was among a circle of poets who made short, light Hellenistic poems fashionable in the late Republic. Both his surviving epigrams address a male as an object of desire, signaling a new homoerotic aesthetic in Roman culture.<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella">Template:Cite book</ref>
• 57 – 54 BCE – Catullus writes the Carmina, including love poems to Juventius, boasting of sexual prowess with youth and violent invectives against "passive" homosexuals.
• c. 50 BCE – The Lex Julia de vi publica, a Roman Republic law, was passed to define rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone" and the rapist was subject to execution. Men who had been raped were exempt from the loss of legal or social standing suffered by those who submitted their bodies to use for the pleasure of others; a male prostitute or entertainer was infamis and excluded from the legal protections extended to citizens in good standing. As a matter of law, a slave could not be raped; he was considered property and not legally a person. The slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella"/><ref>Digest 48.6.3.4 and 48.6.5.2.</ref><ref>Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563.Template:Full citation needed
  Template:*See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.</ref><ref>Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 558–561.Template:Full citation needed</ref>
• 46 BCE – Lucius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony, accuses Gaius Octavius for having "given himself to Aulus Hirtius in Spain for three hundred thousand sesterces."<ref name="Suet.2.68" />
• 44 BCE – After the assassination of Dictator and Consul Gaius Julius Caesar, Gaius Octavius is publicly named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. According to Mark Antony, he charged that Octavius had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favors.<ref name="Suet.2.68">Suetonius, Augustus 68, 71</ref>
• 42 – 39 BCE – Virgil writes the Eclogues, with Eclogue 2 a notable example of homoerotic Latin literature.
• 27 BCE – The Roman Empire is established under the rule of Augustus. The first recorded same-sex marriage occurs during his reign, homosexual prostitution is taxed, and if someone is caught being sexually passive with another male, a Roman citizen could lose his citizenship.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 26, 25 and 18 BCE – Tibullus writes his elegies, with references to homosexuality.
• 7 – 1 BCE – Emperor Ai of Han had a loving same-sex relationship with Dong Xian. In one historical record, Emperor Ai cut his own sleeves to not wake up his beloved Dong Xian.<ref>Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press.</ref>

Common Era

1st millennium

1st century

• Philo of Alexandria and Marcus Manilius provided descriptions of transgender people during the early Roman Empire. Philo stated: "Expending every possible care on their outward adornment, they are not ashamed even to employ every device to change artificially their nature as men into women".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> He also attested that some members of this group, to that end, had their penises removed.<ref name=":0" />
• 5 –15 CE – The Warren Cup is made – a Roman silver drinking cup decorated in relief with two images of male same-sex acts.
• 37 – 41 – Under the reign of Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, taxation on prostitution is enacted throughout the Roman Empire. Caligula also either exiled or contemplated exiling spintriae from Rome. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus reports that Caligula could only be restrained with difficulty, after lengthy pleadings, from having the spintriae thrown into the sea.<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 54 – Nero becomes Emperor of Rome. Nero married two men, Pythagoras and Sporus, in legal ceremonies, with Sporus accorded the regalia worn by the wives of the Caesars.<ref>Ornamentis Augustarum: Suetonius, Life of Nero 28–29, discussed by Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. pp. 284, 400, 424.</ref> Juvenal and Martial note (with disapproval) that male couples are having traditional marriage ceremonies.

File:Pompeii - Terme Suburbane - Apodyterium - Scene V.jpg

Wall painting of female couple from the Suburban Baths at Pompeii

• 79 – The eruption of Mount Vesuvius buries the coastal resorts of Pompeii and Herculaneum, preserving a rich collection of Roman erotic art, including representations of male-male and female-female.
• 98 – Trajan, one of the most beloved of Roman emperors, begins his reign. Trajan was well known for his homosexuality and fondness for young males. This was used to advantage by the king of Edessa, Abgar VII, who, after incurring the anger of Trajan for some misdeed, sent his handsome young son to make his apologies, thereby obtaining pardon.<ref>Dio Cassius, Epitome of Book 68.6.4; 68.21.2–6.21.3</ref>

Publius Cornelius Tacitus writes Germania. In Germania, Tacitus writes that the punishment for those who engage in "bodily infamy" among the Germanic peoples is to "smother in mud and bogs under an heap of hurdles." Tacitus also writes in Germania that the Germanic warrior-chieftains and their retinues were "in times of peace, beauty, and in times of war, a defense". Tacitus later wrote in Germania that priests of the Swabian sub-tribe, the Naharvali<ref>For the spelling, see Hans-Werner Goetz, Jörg Jarnut, Walter Pohl (eds.), Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early ... (2003, Template:ISBN), page 62.</ref> or Nahanarvali, who "dress as women" to perform their priestly duties.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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2nd century

• c. 200 – The Outlines of Pyrrhonism is published. In the book, Sextus Empiricus states that "amongst the Persians it is the habit to indulge in intercourse with males, but amongst the Romans it is forbidden by law to do so". He also stated in the book that "amongst us sodomy is regarded as shameful or rather illegal, but by the Germanic they say, it is not looked on as shameful but as a customary thing. It is said, too, that in Thebes long ago this practice was not held to be shameful, and they say that Meriones the Cretan was so called by way of indicating the Cretans' customed and some refer to this the burning love of Achilles for Patroclus. And what wonder, when both the adherents of the Cynic philosophy and the followers of Zeno of Citium, Cleanthes and Chrysippus, declare that this practice is indifferent?".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

2nd century – 3rd century

• 193 – 211 – Roman emperor Septimius Severus prescribed capital punishment for homosexual rape throughout the Roman Empire.<ref name="A History of Medicine: Roman medicine">Template:Cite book</ref>

3rd century

• 218 – 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus's reign begins. At different times, Elagabalus marries five women and a man named Zoticus, an athlete from Smyrna, in a lavish public ceremony at Rome;<ref name=augusta-elagabalus-i-4>Augustan History, Life of Elagabalus 10</ref> but the Syrian's most stable relationship is with the chariot driver Hierocles, and Cassius Dio says Elagabalus delighted in being called Hierocles' mistress, wife, and queen.<ref name="Varner-2008"/> The emperor wears makeup and wigs, prefers to be called a lady and not a lord, and offers vast sums to any physician who can provide them with a vagina;<ref name="deCarlo p32"/><ref name="Varner-2008"/> for this reason, the emperor is seen by some writers as an early transgender figure and one of the first on record as seeking sex reassignment surgery.<ref name="deCarlo p32">Tess de'Carlo (2018) Trans History. Lulu.com. Template:ISBN, p. 32.Template:Self-published source</ref><ref name="Varner-2008">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="glbtq-enc-elagabal">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 222 – 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander deported homosexuals who were active in public life. According to Christius, Alexander increased the penalties for homosexuality throughout the Roman Empire. According to Augustan History, Alexander decreed that the taxes on pimps, prostitutes, and exoleti should not be deposited in the public purse; instead, he ordered that these taxes should be used for restoring the theatre of Marcellus, the Circus Maximus, the amphitheatre, and the stadium build by Domitian in the Campus Martius. According to Ælius Lampridus, Alexander even contemplated making male prostitution illegal.<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella"/><ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• 244 – 249 – Roman emperor Marcus Julius Philippus either attempted to or did outlaw male prostitution throughout the Roman Empire.<ref name=Fone/>

4th century

• 305 – 306 – Council of Elvira (now Granada, Spain). This council was representative of the Western European Church and among other things, it barred pederasts the right to Communion.
• 314 – Council of Ancyra (now Ankara, Turkey). This council was representative of the Eastern European Church and it excluded the Sacraments for 15 years to unmarried men under the age of 20 who were caught in homosexual acts, and excluded the man for life if he was married and over the age of 50.Template:Sfn
• 306 – 337 – The Life of Constantine mentions a temple at Aphaca in Phoenicia, on a remote summit of Mount Libanus, being used by effeminate homosexual pagan priests, and says that this temple was destroyed by the command of Roman emperor Constantine I. It also states that Constantine passed a law ordering the extermination of effeminate homosexual pagan priests in Egypt.<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• 337 – Constantius II and Constans I become the 62nd Emperor of the Roman Empire. During their reigns, they both engaged in same-sex relationships.<ref>DiMaio, Constans I (337–350 A.D.)</ref>Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• 342 – The Roman emperors Constantius II and Constans I issue the following imperial decree for the Roman Empire:<ref>Theodosian Code 9.7.3: "When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion (quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment."</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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"When a man marries in the manner of a woman, a woman about to renounce men, what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment."{{#if:Theodosian Code 9.7.3|{{#if:|}}

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• c. 380s – Ammianus Marcellinus publishes Res Gestae. In Res Gestae, Marcellinus writes that the Persians "are extravagantly given to venery, and are hardly contented with a multitude of concubines; they are far from immoral relations with boys." Also in Res Gestae, Marcellinus writes that "We have learned that these Taifali were a shameful folk, so sunken in a life of shame and obscenity, that in their country the boys are coupled with the men in a union of unmentionable lust, to consume the flower of their youth in the polluted intercourse of those paramours."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• 390 – The Roman emperors Valentinian II, Theodosius I and Arcadius issue the following imperial decrees for the Roman Empire:<ref>Theodosian Code 9.7.6: "All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people."</ref>

"We cannot tolerate the city of Rome, mother of all virtues, being stained any longer by the contamination of male effeminacy, nor can we allow that agrarian strength, which comes down from the founders, to be softly broken by the people, thus heaping shame on the centuries of our founders and the princes, Orientius, dearly and beloved and favoured. Your laudable experience will therefore punish among revenging flames, in the presence of the people, as required by the grossness of the crime, all those who have given themselves up to the infamy of condemning their manly body, transformed into a feminine one, to bear practices reserved for the other sex, which have nothing different from women, carried forth – we are ashamed to say – from male brothels, so that all may know that the house of the manly soul must be sacrosanct to all, and that he who basely abandons his own sex cannot aspire to that of another without undergoing the supreme punishment."{{#if:Collatio Mosaic and Roman Laws<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella"/>|{{#if:|}}

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"All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people."{{#if:Theodosian Code 9.7.6|{{#if:|}}

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• 390 – 405 – Nonnus' Dionysiaca is the last known piece of Western literature for nearly 1,000 years to celebrate homosexual passion.<ref name=Fone/>

6th century

• 506 – The Visigothic Code of Alaric II decreed burning at the stake for same-sex couples in the Visigothic Kingdom. Other punishments included public ostracism, shaving of the head, whipping, and castration.<ref name="auto"/><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
• 533 – The Body of Civil Law goes into effect in the Byzantine Empire, enacting the following:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

"In criminal cases public prosecutions take place under various statutes, including the Lex Julia de adulteris, "...which punishes with death, not only those who violate the marriages of others, but also those who dare to commit acts of vile lust with men."{{#if:Institutes IV. xviii .4, Body of Civil Law|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries

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{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}

• 576 – Death of Anastasia the Patrician who left life as a lady-in-waiting in the court of Justinian I in Constantinople to spend twenty-eight years (until death) dressed as a male monk in seclusion in Egypt,<ref name="Swan 2001">Laura Swan, The Forgotten Desert Mothers (2001, Template:ISBN), pages 72–73</ref> and has been adopted by today's LGBTQ community as an example of a "transgender" saint.<ref>Dale Albert Johnson, Corpus Syriacum Johnsoni I (2015, Template:ISBN), page 344-8</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
• 589 – The Visigothic kingdom in Spain, is converted from Arianism to Catholicism. This conversion leads to a revision of the law to conform to those of Catholic countries. These revisions include provisions for the persecution of homosexuals and Jewish people.<ref>Visigothic Code 3.5.5, 3.5.6; "The doctrine of the orthodox faith requires us to place our censure upon vicious practices, and to restrain those who are addicted to carnal offences. For we counsel well for the benefit of our people and our country, when we take measures to utterly extirpate the crimes of wicked men, and put an end to the evil deeds of vice. For this reason we shall attempt to abolish the horrible crime of sodomy, which is as contrary to Divine precept as it is to chastity. And although the authority of the Holy Scriptures, and the censure of earthly laws, alike, prohibit offences of this kind, it is nevertheless necessary to condemn them by a new decree; lest if timely correction be deferred, still greater vices may arise. Therefore, we establish by this law, that if any man whosoever, of any age, or race, whether he belongs to the clergy, or to the laity, should be convicted, by competent evidence, of the commission of the crime of sodomy, he shall, by order of the king, or of any judge, not only suffer emasculation, but also the penalty prescribed by ecclesiastical decree for such offences, and promulgated in the third year of our reign."</ref>

7th century

• 654 – The Visigothic Kingdom criminalized sodomy and the punishment for it is castration. This is the first European secular law to criminalize sodomy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="queersaints">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 693 – In Iberia, Visigothic ruler Egica of Hispania and Septimania, demanded that a Church council confront the occurrence of homosexuality in the Kingdom. The Sixteenth Council of Toledo issued a statement in response, which was adopted by Egica, stating that homosexual acts be punished by castration, exclusion from Communion, hair shearing, one hundred lashes, and banishment into exile.<ref name=Fone/>

8th century

• c. 750 – With the creation of the Abbasid Caliphate, Muslim poets emerge describing homoeroticism and beautiful youths, such as Persian-Arab poet Abu Nuwas.<ref name="The Construction of Homosexuality" />

9th century

• 800 – 900 – During the Carolingian Renaissance, Alcuin of York, an abbot, wrote love poems to other monks in spite of numerous Church laws condemning homosexuality.<ref>David Bromell. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History, London, 2000 (Ed. Wotherspoon and Aldrich)</ref>
• 997 – King Mokjong of Goryeo, known for having male lovers, ascended to the throne in Korea.<ref name=autogenerated1>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

2nd millennium

11th century

• 1007 – The Decretum of Burchard of Worms equates homosexual acts with sexual transgressions such as adultery and argues, therefore, that it should have the same penance (generally fasting).<ref name=Fone/>
• 1051 – Peter Damian writes the treatise Liber Gomorrhianus, in which he argues for stricter punishments for clerics failing their duty against "vices of nature."<ref>PETRI DAMIANI Liber gomorrhianus, ad Leonem IX Rom. Pon. in Patrologiae Cursus completus...accurante J.P., MIGNE, series secunda, tomus CXLV, col. 161; CANOSA, Romano, Storia di una grande paura La sodomia a Firenze e a Venezia nel quattrocento, Feltrinelli, Milano 1991, pp.13–14</ref>
• 1061 – Pedro Dias and Muño Vandilas are married by a priest at a chapel in the Kingdom of León.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1100 – Ivo of Chartres tries to convince Pope Urban II about homosexuality risks. Ivo accused Rodolfo, archbishop of Tours, of convincing the King of France to appoint a certain Giovanni as bishop of Orléans. Giovanni was well known as Rodolfo's lover and had relations with the king himself, a fact of which the king openly boasted. Pope Urban, however, didn't consider this as a decisive fact: Giovanni ruled as bishop for almost forty years, and Rodolfo continued to be well known and respected.<ref>Opera Omnia.Template:Webarchive</ref>

12th century

• 1102 – The Council of London took measures to ensure that the English public knew that homosexuality was sinful.Template:Citation needed
• 1120 – Baldwin II of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, convenes the Council of Nablus to address the vices within the Kingdom. The Council calls for the burning of individuals who perpetually commit sodomy.<ref name=Fone/>
• 1140 – The Italian monk Gratian compiles his work Concordia discordantium canonum in which he argues that sodomy is the worst of all the sexual sins because it involves using the member in an unnatural way.<ref name=Fone/>
• 1164 – The English monk Aelred of Rievaulx writes his De spiritali amicitia, giving love between persons of the same gender a profound expression.
• 1179 – The Third Lateran Council of Rome issues a decree for the excommunication of sodomites.

13th century

• 1232 – Pope Gregory IX starts the Inquisition in the Italian City-States. Some cities called for banishment and/or amputation as punishments for 1st- and 2nd-offending sodomites and burning for the 3rd or habitual offenders.Template:Citation needed
• 1260 – In the Kingdom of France, first-offending sodomites lost their testicles, second offenders lost their member, and third offenders were burned. Women caught in same-sex acts could be mutilated and executed as well.<ref name=Fone/>
• 1265 – Thomas Aquinas argues that sodomy is second only to bestiality in the ranking of sins of lust.
• 1283 – The Coutumes de Beauvaisis dictats that convicted sodomites should not only be burned but also that their property would be forfeited.

14th century

• 1308–14 – Philip IV of France orders the arrest of all Templars on charges of heresy, idolatry and sodomy, but these charges are only a pretext to seize the riches of the order. Order leaders are sentenced to death and burned at the stake on 18 March 1314 by Notre Dame.
• 1321 – Dante's Inferno places sodomites in the Seventh Circle.
• 1327 – The deposed King Edward II of England is killed, allegedly by forcing a red-hot poker through his rectum. Edward II had a history of conflict with the nobility, who repeatedly banished his former lover Piers Gaveston, the Earl of Cornwall.Template:Citation needed
• 1347 – Rolandino Roncaglia is tried for sodomy, an event that caused a sensation in Italy. He confessed he "had never had sexual intercourse, neither with his wife nor with any other woman, because he had never felt any carnal appetite, nor could he ever have an erection of his virile member". After his wife died of plague, Rolandino started to prostitute himself, wearing female dresses because "since he has female look, voice and movements – although he does not have a female orifice, but has a male member and testicles – many persons considered him to be a woman because of his appearance".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1351 – Buddhist temple murals depicting same-sex relationships were commissioned and painted in Thailand.<ref name="Thai Enquirer">Template:Cite news</ref>
• 1357 – King Gongmin of Goryeo, known for having male lovers, ascended to the throne in Korea.<ref name=autogenerated1/>
• 1370s – Jan van Aersdone and Willem Case were two men executed in Antwerp in the 1370s. The charge against them was same sex intercourse which was illegal and strenuously vilified in medieval Europe.Template:Citation needed Aersdone and Case stand out because records of their names have survived. One other couple still known by name from the 14th century were Giovanni Braganza and Nicoleto Marmagna of Venice.<ref name=Crompton>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1395 – John Rykener, known also as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, was a transvestite prostitute working mainly in London (near Cheapside), but also active in Oxford. He was arrested in 1395 for cross-dressing and interrogated.

15th century

• 1424 – Bernardino of Siena preached for three days in Florence, Italy, against homosexuality and other forms of lust, culminating in a pyre in which burned cosmetics, wigs and all sorts of articles for the beautification. He calls for sodomites to be ostracized from society, and these sermons alongside measures by other clergy of the time strengthens opinion against homosexuals and encourages the authorities to increase the measures of persecution.<ref name=Crompton/><ref>For more documented detail about Bernardino's lengthy campaign against homosexuality, see Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1431 – Nezahualcoyotl, Tlatoani of Texcoco, enacted laws making homosexuality a capital punishment by hanging in Texcoco.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1432 – In Florence the first organization specifically intended to prosecute sodomy is established, the "Night Officials", which over the next 70 years arrest about 10,000 men and boys, succeeding in getting about 2,000 convicted, with most then paying fines.
• 1436 – Royal Noble Consort Sun is banished from the Joseon court after it is discovered that she has been sleeping with her maid. The official decree blames her demotion on receiving visitors without her husband's permission and instructing her maids to sing men's songs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1451 – Pope Nicholas V enables the papal Inquisition to persecute men who practice sodomy.
• 1471 – 1493  – According to Garcilaso de la Vega's Real Reviews of the Incas, during the reign of Sapa Inca Topa Inca Yupanqui or Túpac Inca Yupanqui, he persecuted homosexuals. Yupanqui's general, Auqui Tatu, burned alive in public square all those for whom there was even circumstantial evidence of sodomy in [H]acari valley, threatening to burn down whole towns if anyone engaged in sodomy. In Chincha, Yupanqui burned alive large numbers, pulling down their houses and any trees they had planted.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>
• 1475 – In Peru, a chronicle written under the Capac Yupanqui government describes the persecution of homosexuals with public burnings and destruction of homes (a practice usually reserved for conquered tribes).
• 1476 – Florentine court records of 1476 show that Leonardo da Vinci and three other young men were charged with sodomy twice, and acquitted.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1483 – The Spanish Inquisition begins. Sodomites were stoned, castrated, and burned. Between 1540 and 1700, more than 1,600 people were prosecuted for sodomy.<ref name=Fone/>
• 1492 – Desiderius Erasmus writes a series of love letters to a fellow monk while at a monastery in Steyn in the Netherlands.<ref>Diarmaid MacCulloch (2003). Reformation: A History. pg. 95. MacCulloch says "he fell in love" and further adds in a footnote "There has been much modern embarrassment and obfuscation on Erasmus and Rogerus, but see the sensible comment in J. Huizinga, Erasmus of Rotterdam (London, 1952), pp. 11–12, and from Geoffrey Nutuall, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 26 (1975), 403"</ref>
• 1494 – Girolamo Savonarola criticizes the population of Florence for its "horrible sins" (mainly homosexuality and gambling) and exhorts them to give up their young and beardless lovers.
• 1497 – In Spain, the King of Aragon Ferdinand and Queen of Castile and León Isabella strengthen the sodomy laws hitherto applied only in the cities. An increase is made in the severity of the crime equating to treason or heresy, and the amount of evidence required for conviction is lowered, with torture permitted to extract confession. The property of the defendant is also confiscated.

15th century – 16th century

• 1493 – 1525  – According to Garcilaso de la Vega's Real Reviews of the Incas, during his reign, Sapa Inca Huayna Capac merely "bade" the people of Tumbez to give up sodomy and did not take any measures against the Matna, who "practiced sodomy more openly and shamelessly than all the other tribes."<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>

16th century

• 1502 – A charge is brought against the Italian artist Sandro Botticelli on the grounds of sodomy.<ref>Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male culture in Renaissance Florence, Oxford University Press, 1996</ref>
• 1505 – 1521 – The Zhengde Emperor of the Ming dynasty had a same-sex relationship with the Muslim leader Sayyid Husain, although no evidence supporting this claim exists in Chinese sources<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1512 – Revolt of the Compagnacci in Florence <ref>Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male culture in Renaissance Florence, Oxford University Press, 1996, 228-229.</ref>
• 1513 – Vasco Núñez de Balboa, a conquistador in modern-day Panama is described as throwing forty homosexual Indians to his dogs.<ref>Alfonso G. Jiménez de Sandi Valle, Luis Alberto de la Garza Becerra and Napoleón Glockner Corte. LGBT Pride Parade in Mexico City. National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 2009. 25 p.</ref>
• 1519 – Ferdinand Magellan sentences the death penalty against his own crew when they arrived it Rio de Janeiro, after he deemed them as having a homosexual relationship<ref>Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2022). Straits: Beyond the Myth of Magellan. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref>
• 1523 – First of several charges of sodomy brought against the Florentine artist Benvenuto Cellini.<ref>I. Arnaldi, La vita violenta di Benvenuto Cellini, Bari, 1986</ref>
• 1526 – The founder and first emperor of the Mughal Empire, Emperor Babur, had a long-term loving relationship with his male lover Baburi Andijani, who was already an adult when Emperor Babur founded his dynasty.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1532 – The Holy Roman Empire makes sodomy punishable by death.<ref name=Fone/> The Florentine artist Michelangelo begins writing over 300 love poems dedicated to Tommaso dei Cavalieri.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1533 – King Henry VIII passes the Buggery Act 1533 making anal intercourse punishable by death throughout England.<ref>R v Jacobs (1817) Russ & Ry 331 confirmed that buggery related only to intercourse per anum by a man with a man or woman or intercourse per anum or per vaginum by either a man or a woman with an animal. Other forms of "unnatural intercourse" may amount to indecent assault or gross indecency, but do not constitute buggery. See generally, Smith & Hogan, Criminal Law (10th ed), Template:ISBN</ref>
• 1542 – Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca documents same sex marriages and men "who dress like women and perform the office of women, but use the bow and carry big loads" among a Native American tribe in his publication, The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528–1536.
• 1543 – Henry VIII gives royal assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1542, extending the buggery law into Wales.
• 1553 – Mary Tudor ascends the English throne and removes all of the laws that had been passed by Henry VIII during the English Reformation of the 1530s.
• 1558–1563 – Elizabeth I reinstates Henry VIII's old laws, including the Buggery Act 1533.<ref name=Fone/>
• 1561 – process of Wojciech z Poznania, who married Sebastian Słodownik, and lived with him for 2 years in Poznań. Both had female partners. On his return to Kraków, he married Wawrzyniec Włoszek. Wojciech, considered in public opinion as a woman, was burned for 'crimes against nature'.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1590 – The Boxer Codex records same-sex marriage as normalized in pre-colonial Philippines<ref>Donoso, et al. (2021). Boxer Codex: A Modern Spanish Transcription and English Translation of 16th-Century Exploration Accounts of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Academica Filipina+.</ref>

17th century

• 17th century – Hu Tianbao of Fujian was executed by the Chinese government. The people of Fujian later deified him as the god of homosexual love, building a temple in his honor and calling him Tu'er Shen.<ref>Szonyi, Michael (June 1998). "The Cult of Hu Tianbao and the Eighteenth-Century Discourse of Homosexuality". Late Imperial China. 19 (1): 1–25.</ref>
• 1608 – Sweden's first secular law against male sodomy was introduced by Charles IX.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The punishment was death.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• The Colony of Virginia enacts a military order that criminalizes male sodomy, making it punishable by death.<ref name="sodomyvirginia" /> This order ends later the same year, when martial law is terminated upon the change in control of the Virginia Colony.<ref name="sodomyvirginia" />
• 1610 – The Colony of Virginia enacts a military order that criminalizes male sodomy, making it punishable by death.<ref name="sodomyvirginia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> This order ends later the same year, when martial law is terminated upon the change in control of the Virginia Colony.<ref name="sodomyvirginia" />

• 1620 – Brandenburg-Prussia criminalizes sodomy, making it punishable by death.<ref name=Fone/>
• 1624 – Richard Cornish of the Virginia Colony is tried and hanged for sodomy.<ref>Template:Cite book p.123</ref>
• 1648 – The first known prosecution for lesbian activity in North America occurs in March when Sarah White Norman is charged with "Lewd behaviour with each other upon a bed" with Mary Vincent Hammon in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Hammon was under 16 and not prosecuted.<ref>Template:Cite book p.113</ref>
• 1648 – In Canada's first-ever criminal trial for the crime of homosexuality, a gay military drummer stationed at the French garrison in Ville-Marie, New France is sentenced to death by the local Sulpician priests.<ref name=quebecqueer>"Looking back at Quebec queer life since the 17th century" Template:Webarchive. Xtra!, 15 December 2009.</ref> After an intervention by the Jesuits in Quebec City, the drummer's life is spared on the condition that he accept the position of New France's first permanent executioner.<ref name=quebecqueer />
• 1655 – The Connecticut Colony passes a law against sodomy, which includes a punishment for lesbian intercourse as well.<ref>Foster, Thomas (2007). Long Before Stonewall: Histories of Same-Sex Sexuality in Early America. New York University Press.</ref>
• 1661 – The Colony of Virginia enacts English common law, thus criminalizing male-to-male sodomy again.<ref name="sodomyvirginia" />
• 1672 – The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Wälättä P̣eṭros (1672) is the first reference of homosexuality between nuns in Ethiopian literature.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

• 1683 – The Kingdom of Denmark criminalizes "relations against nature", making it punishable by death.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1688 – 1704 – Kagemachaya(ja), a Japanese gay bar, first opens in Japan.<ref name="boyfriend">オトコノコのためのボーイフレンド (1986)</ref>

18th century

• 1721 – Catharina Margaretha Linck is executed for female sodomy in Germany.
• 1726 – Mother Clap's molly house in London is raided by police, resulting in the execution of three men.<ref name="rn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1730 – In The Netherlands the Utrecht Sodomy Trials begin, resulting in the execution of over a hundred men and the banishment of hundreds more.
• 1740Template:SndKiangxi Emperor of Qing Dynasty passed the first legislation criminalizing consensual nonprofit homosexual sex in Chinese history.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
• Template:VanchorTemplate:Snd Jens Andersson of Norway, assigned female at birth but identifying as male, was imprisoned and put on trial after marrying Anne Kristine Mortensdotter in a Lutheran church. When asked about his gender, the response was "Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele" ("He believes he belongs to both").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1785 – Prince Kraison of Thailand became the first openly queer member of the Chakri dynasty since the dynasty's royal enthronment under its first ruler Rama I, who was Prince Kraison's father. He had a loving relationship with theatre actors Khun Thong and Yaem.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1785 – Jeremy Bentham is one of the first people to argue for the decriminalization of sodomy in England.<ref name=Fone/>
• 1786 – King Frederick the Great of Prussia dies.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (See: Sexuality of Frederick the Great)
• 1791 – The Kingdom of France (Andorra, and Haiti) adopts the French Penal Code of 1791, which no longer criminalizes sodomy. France thus becomes the first West European country to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.<ref>Gunther, Scott (2009). "The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942–present" Template:Webarchive Book about the history of homosexual movements in France (sample chapter available online). Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009. Template:ISBN.</ref>
• 1791 – The novel Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin is published in China. It includes an openly bisexual character as well as an account of a gay bashing.<ref>Jan Wong's China: Reports From A Not-So-Foreign Correspondent, Jan Wong. Doubleday Canada, 2011. [3]</ref>
• 1793 – Monaco decriminalizes sodomy.
• 1794 – The Kingdom of Prussia abolishes the death penalty for sodomy.<ref name=Fone/>
• 1794 – Luxembourg decriminalizes sodomy.
• 1795 – Belgium decriminalizes sodomy.

19th century

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20th century

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

3rd millennium

21st century

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

See also

• Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands
• Bisexuality in the United States
• Gay men in American history
• History of bisexuality
• History of human sexuality
• History of LGBT in policing
• History of lesbianism
• History of lesbianism in the United States
• History of transgender people in the United States
• Intersex in history
• LGBT history
• LGBT history in Turkey
• List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots
• List of LGBT firsts by year
• Table of years in LGBT rights
• Timeline of African and diasporic LGBT history
• Timeline of asexual history
• Timeline of Asian and Pacific Islander diasporic LGBT history
• Timeline of intersex history
• Timeline of LGBT history in Canada
• Timeline of LGBT history in Ecuador
• Timeline of LGBT history in New York City
• Timeline of LGBT history in South Africa
• Timeline of LGBT history in Turkey
• Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom
• Timeline of LGBT history in the United States
• Timeline of LGBT Jewish history
• Timeline of LGBT Mormon history
• Timeline of same-sex marriage
• Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States
• Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine
• Timeline of transgender history

Sources

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

Further reading

• Archer, Bert (2004). The End of Gay: And the Death of Heterosexuality. Thunder's Mouth Press. Template:ISBN.
• Bullough, Vern L. (2002). Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. New York, Harrington Park Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press. Template:ISBN.
• Burleson, William E. (2005). Bi America: Myths, Truths, and Struggles of an Invisible Community. United Kingdom, Routledge. Template:ISBN
• Template:Cite book
• Dapin, Mark, "If at first you don't secede...", The Sydney Morning Herald – Good Weekend, 12 February 2005, pp 47–50
• Template:Cite book
• Gallo, Marcia M. (2007) Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement. California: Seal Press. Template:ISBN
• Hogan, Steve and Lee Hudson (1998). Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia. New York, Henry Holt and Company. Template:ISBN.
• Lattas, Judy, "Queer Sovereignty: the Gay & Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands", Cosmopolitan Civil Societies journal, UTS September 2009
• Miller, Neil (1995). Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. New York, Vintage Books. Template:ISBN.
• Template:Cite book
• Stryker, Susan (2008). Transgender History. New York, Seal Press. Template:ISBN

External links

• Chronicle of gay history
• History of Gay Rights
• LGBT History Timeline
• Our Story (Another Timeline)