Languages of Iran

Iran's ethnic diversity means that the languages of Iran come from a number of linguistic origins, although the primary language spoken and used is Persian. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran asserts that the Persian language alone must be used for schooling and for all official government communications. The constitution also recognizes Arabic as the language of Islam, and assigns it formal status as the language of religion. Although multilingualism is not encouraged, the use of minority languages is permitted in the course of teaching minority-language literature. Different publications have reported different statistics for the languages of Iran; however, the top three languages spoken are consistently reported as Persian, Azeri and Kurdish.

Language policy and planning of Iran

The current language policy of Iran is addressed in Chapter Two of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Articles 15 & 16).<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It asserts that the Persian language is the lingua franca of the Iranian nation and as such, required for the school system and for all official government communications. In addition, the constitution recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it formal status as the language of religion and regulating its spread within the Iranian national curriculum.<ref name=":3" />

Due to the nation's social and ethnic diversity,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the constitution also acknowledges and permits the use of minority languages in the mass media as well as within the schools, in order to teach minority-language literature. The minority languages of Iran do not receive formal status and are not officially regulated by the authorities.<ref name=":0">Riazi, Abdolmehdi. The Four Language Stages in the History of Iran. In: Martin, Peter W; Lin, Angel (Eds.). Decolonisation, Globalisation: Language-in-education Policy and Practice. (Buffalo: Multilingual Matters, Ltd. 2005). pp. 98-114.</ref>

The first legislation which granted the Persian language its status was initiated by Qajar dynasty in 1906, as part of an electoral law that positioned it as the official language of the state of Iran, its government, its political institutions and its legal system. Over time, this enactment was followed by others, which eventually led to a monolingual policy by the Iranian regime.

Perceiving multilingualism as a threat to the nation's unity and territorial integrity, and seeing the need to restrict minority languages’ use and to advance the Persian language's hegemony, Iran's language policy consists of a non-translation outline as well: all government, administration and educational settings are obliged to use only Persian for any written communication. This applies to political institutions (i.e. the Iranian Parliament), official bureaucratic communication (forms, signage etc.) and schooling (all children from the age of six are exposed only to Persian as the language of teaching and learning and of textbooks within the public school system). In other words, the Iranian authorities hold that minorities need to learn the Iranian vernacular to an extent that will allow them to communicate with state institutions.<ref>Haddadian-Moghaddam, Esmaeil; Meylaerts, Reine. What about Translation? Beyond "Persianization" as the Language Policy in Iran. Iranian Studies, Vol. 78, No. 6 (2015). pp. 851-870.</ref>

Among the institutions accountable for advancing Iranian Language Planning (e.g. Ministry of Education and Ministry of Science, Research and Technology) is the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, which was established on 1935, under Reza Shah Pahlavi. Constantly seeking to revise and elaborate the nation's official language, this institute focuses on the linguistics of the Persian language and on the internal aspects of Language Planning, rather than on the use of minority languages within Iranian society. Other Language Planning aspects (e.g. sociolinguistic or functional literacy) have not been assigned to a formal institute and are currently handled free of any official master plan by the educational ministries.<ref name=":0" />

Languages of Iran

Different publications have reported different statistics for the languages of Iran. There have been some limited censuses taken in Iran in 2001, 1991, 1986 and 1949–1954.<ref>Iran. rtish. Sitād-i Artish. Dāyirah-i Jughrāfiyāʾī. Title: Farhang-i jughrāfiyāʾī-i Irān : ābādīhā. Imprint: [Tihrān] : Dāyirah-i Jughrafiyāʾī-i Sitād-i Artish, 1328–1332 [1949–54] Description: 10 v. : illus., maps (part fold. col.) Notes: Vols. 1–9 compiled under the general editorship of Hossein ʻAlī Razmārā. See for summary: (Ehsan Hooshmand, “Faslnaameyeh Goftegoo”, “A closer look at religious and ethnic statistics in modern Iran”, 2005, Tehran)</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The following are the languages with the greatest number of speakers (data from the CIA World Factbook):<ref name="CIA World Factbook">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Classification categories of the spoken languages:

• Indo-European (Iranic mainly, smaller amounts of other branches represented mainly by Armenian, amongst others)
• Turkic (mainly Azerbaijani, with smaller amounts of Turkmen, Qashqai)
• Semitic (mainly Arabic, but also Neo-Aramaic, Hebrew, and Mandean)
• Kartvelian (such as Georgian)
• North Caucasian (Circassian)

Census in the 1990s

A census was taken in the Iranian month of Mordad (July 21 – August 21) in 1991. In this census, all 49,588 mothers who gave birth in the country were issued birth certificates and asked about their mother-tongue.<ref> "در مرداد 1370، هنگام صدور شناسنامه براي نوزادان، درباره زبان ٤٩ هزار و ٥٥٨ مادر در سطح كشور سوال مطرح شد كه نتيجه حاكي از سهم حضور ٥٣٬٨ درصدي زبان هاى غيرفارسي در ايران بود. بر اساس نمونه گيري مذكور، توزيع سهم هر يك از زبان ها (به درصد) به اين شرح بود: ٤٦٬٢ فارسي؛ ٢٠٬٦ تركي آذربايجاني؛ ١٠ كردي؛ ٨٬٩ لري؛ ٧٬٢ درصد گيلكي و شمالي؛ ٣٬٥ عربي ؛ ٢٬٧ بلوچي؛ ٠٬٦ تركمني؛ ٠٬١ ارمني؛ و ٠٬٢ ساير زبان ها ". Source: زنجاني‌، حبيب‌ الله‌، محمد ميرزايي‌، كامل‌ شاپور و امير هوشنگ‌ مهريار، جمعيت‌،توسعه‌، بهداشت‌ باروري‌، چاپ‌ دوم‌، تهران‌، نشر و تبليغ‌ بشري‌، 1379. Zanjani, H., Mirzai,M., Shapur, K., Mehriyar, A.H.; “Population, Growth, Mortality Rate”, Second Edition, Tehran, Tabligh-e-Bashari Publishers, 2000</ref> They reported: 50.2% Persian, 20.6% Azerbaijani, 10% Kurdish, 8.9% Luri, 7.2% Gilaki and Mazandarani, 3.5% Arabic, 2.7% Baluchi, 0.6% Turkmen, 0.1% Armenian, and 0.2% Others (e.g. Circassian, Georgian, etc.). The local dialect of Arabic spoken in Iran is Khuzestani Arabic, but the varieties of Arabic taught across Iran to students in secondary schools, regardless of their ethnic or linguistic background, are Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, the latter a liturgical language of Islam.

Foreign languages taught in schools

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English

English is taught in secondary schools (first and second high school) and some non-governmental and public schools as an extra-curricular subject.

As of 2023, according to an official of the Iranian Ministry of Education, students were no longer required to learn English, downgrading the language to the optional level.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The language was banned in 2018, before the larger ban in 2023, from being taught in primary schools, with the subject being called a "cultural invasion".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The decision was made in order to strengthen the Persian language.

French

Iran's school curriculum has included French since 2022, to provide an alternative to English.

French was also the second official language of Iran until the 1950s, with elite French co-ed schools being common amongst the upper class of Iran.

A great number of words of French origin have entered the Persian language since the early modern period.

Arabic

Arabic, being recognised as the language of Islam in the Constitution of Iran, was taught alongside English, for religious purposes throughout kindergarten and primary school, until 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Following the 2023 ban on languages besides Persian being taught in all kindergarten and primary schools, Arabic has been taught only throughout secondary school (grades 7-12).<ref name=":1" />

As of October 2023, Iran has banned the teaching of foreign languages, including Arabic, in all primary and kindergarten schools. The ban is intended to help preserve Iranian identity in children at a young age.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Arabic taught in schools is Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, which is used in Islamic liturgy.

Additional Languages

A number of foreign languages are taught in Iran, optionally. The languages vary on the choice of the school and students.

French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish and, more recently, Chinese are allowed as additional languages based on choices made by schools and students.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In recent years, some government officials have also suggested that instead of English, the teaching of Russian, Chinese and German languages should be supported in Iran.<ref name=":2" />

The addition of Mandarin Chinese as an optional subject took place in July 2023, the law, adding Chinese to the list of foreign languages that can be taught in Iranian middle and high schools, was endorsed by the then President of Iran, Ebrahim Raisi.<ref name=":2" />

Other estimations

In 1986, a nationwide census was undertaken to determine the percentage of Iranians that know Persian, those who do not know, and those who know it fluently.<ref name="Sohrab Behdad 2006">Farhad Nu’mani, Sohrab Behdad, Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter? Syracuse University Press, 2006.</ref>

Languages by number of speakers

The following is a list of languages spoken in Iran by number of speakers according to the latest Ethnologue edition in 2025.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Rank<ref name=":4" />Template:Efn	Language	Speakers in Iran
1	Iranian Persian	78,700,000
2	Azeri	10,100,000
3	Kurdish	5,110,000
4	Luri	3,860,000
5	Gilaki	1,610,000
6	Balochi	1,450,000
7	Mazandarani	1,350,000
8	Bakhtiari	1,270,000
9	Southern Pashto	1,270,000
10	Dari	1,200,000
11	Qashqai	1,020,000
12	Khorasani Turkish	960,000
13	Laki	680,000
14	Mesopotamian Arabic	571,000
15	Turkmen	359,000
16	Armenian	340,000
17	Hazaragi	337,000
18	Hawrami	180,000
19	Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	117,000
20	Southwestern Fars	113,000
21	Gulf Arabic	110,000
22	Other languages	2,048,000

See also

• Demographics of Iran
• Ethnicities in Iran
• Iranian languages

Further reading

• Poshtvan, Hamideh. "A first detailed language map of Gilan Province, Iran."

External links

• Ethnologue report for languages of Iran
• CIA FactBook
• Languages of Iran. Atlas