Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA
The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative.
The symbol ç is the letter c with a cedilla (◌̧), as used to spell French and Portuguese words such as façade and ação. However, the sound represented by the symbol ç in French and Portuguese orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative; the cedilla, instead, changes the usual {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, the voiceless velar plosive, when Template:Angbr IPA is employed before Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA, to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, the voiceless alveolar fricative.
Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as a phoneme.Template:Sfnp The sound further occurs as an allophone of Template:IPAslink (e.g. in German or Greek), or, in other languages, of Template:IPAslink in the vicinity of front vowels.
There is also the voiceless post-palatal fricative<ref>Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".</ref> in some languages, which is articulated slightly farther back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal fricative, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as Template:Angbr IPA, Template:Angbr IPA (both symbols denote a retracted Template:Angbr IPA) or Template:Angbr IPA (advanced Template:Angbr IPA). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are C_- and x_+, respectively.
Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar fricative (Template:Angbr IPA in the IPA, x' or x_j in X-SAMPA).
FeaturesEdit
Features of the voiceless palatal fricative:
Template:Fricative Template:Palatal The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar Template:IPAblink. Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic
OccurrenceEdit
PalatalEdit
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assamese | lang}} / Template:Transliteration | main}} | 'limit/border' | Pre Palatal | |
| AzerbaijaniTemplate:Sfnp | Some dialects | lang}} | main}} | 'bread' | main}}. |
| Blackfoot | lang}} / Template:Transliteration | main}} | 'Seven' | main}}. | |
| Chinese | Taizhou dialect | lang}} | main}} | 'to play' | main}} in other Wu dialects. |
| Meixian dialect | lang}} | main}} | 'fragrant' | Corresponds to palatatized fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in romanised as "hi-" or "hy-" Hakka dialect writing. | |
| Danish | StandardTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | main}} | 'splash' | May be alveolo-palatal Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp Before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, aspiration of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is realized as devoicing and fortition of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp Note, however, that the sequence {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is normally realized as an affricate Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard NorthernTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | main}} | 'crib' | main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}} for some speakers.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology |
| English | AustralianTemplate:Sfnp | hue | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} | 'hue' | Phonetic realization of the sequence {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp<ref name="wells">Template:Citation</ref> See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
| BritishTemplate:Sfnp<ref name="wells"/> | |||||
| ScouseTemplate:Sfnp | like | main}} | 'like' | main}}; ranges from palatal to uvular, depending on the preceding vowel.Template:Sfnp See English phonology | |
| Estonian | lang}} | main}} | 'rain' | main}}. See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish | lang}} | main}} | 'notebook' | main}}. See Finnish phonology | |
| French | ParisianTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | Template:Audio-IPA | 'thank you' | main}} and the mid front {{#invoke:IPA|main}} at the end of utterances can be devoiced.Template:Sfnp See French phonology |
| German | lang}} | Template:Audio-IPA | 'not' | main}}, or vice versa, but phonemic for some speakers who have both {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (< {{#invoke:IPA|main}}). See Standard German phonology. | |
| Haida | lang}} | main}} | 'leaf' | ||
| Hmong | White (Dawb) | Template:Script / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} | 'seven' | Corresponds to alveolo-palatal /ɕ/ in Dananshan dialect |
| Green (Njua) | |||||
| HungarianTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | main}} | 'get' (imperative) | main}} between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | lang}} | main}} | 'here' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | lang}} | main}} | 'John' (voc.) | See Irish phonology | |
| Jalapa MazatecTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Example needed | main}} and glottalized voiced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp | |||
| JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} / Template:Transliteration | main}} | 'person' | main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabyle | lang}} | main}} | 'to measure' | ||
| Korean | lang}} / Template:Transliteration | main}} | 'strength' | main}} word-initially before {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Korean phonology | |
| Minangkabau | Mukomuko | tangih | main}} | 'cry' | Allophone of /h/ after /i/ and /j/ in coda. |
| Moksha | lang}} | main}} | 'nose' | ||
| Norwegian | Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | main}} | 'handsome' | Often alveolo-palatal Template:IPAblink instead; younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology |
| Pashto | Ghilji dialectTemplate:Sfnp | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} | 'foot' | See Pashto phonology |
| Wardak dialect | |||||
| Romanian | Standard | lang}} | main}} | 'valahians' | main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Typically transcribed with [hʲ]. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian | StandardTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} / Template:Transliteration | Template:Audio-IPA | 'hard' | main}}.Template:Sfnp See Russian phonology |
| Scottish GaelicTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | main}} | 'horses' | Slender allophone of Template:IPAslink. See Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography | |
| Sicilian | lang}} | main}} | 'river' | main}} nexus. Realized as Template:IPAblink when preceded by a consonant. See Sicilian phonology | |
| Spanish | Chilean<ref>Palatal phenomena in Spanish phonology Template:Webarchive Page 113</ref> | lang}} | main}} | 'woman' | Allophone of Template:IPAslink before front vowels. See Spanish phonology |
| Turkish<ref name="gk6">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | lang}} | main}} | 'trick' | main}}.<ref name="gk6"/> See Turkish phonology | |
| Uzbek | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} |
{{#invoke:IPA|main}}|| 'school' || Occurs when Template:IPAslink comes before Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink sounds. | |||
| Walloon | lang}} | main}} | 'to knit' | ⟨xh⟩ spelling proper in Common Walloon, in the Feller system it would be written ⟨hy⟩ | |
| Welsh | lang}} | main}} | 'language' | main}} comes before {{#invoke:IPA|main}} due to h-prothesis of the original word, i.e. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Gloss becomes {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Gloss, resulting in {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.Template:Sfnp See Welsh phonology | |
Post-palatalEdit
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian | lang}} / Template:Transliteration | [ɣɫuˈxʲi] | 'deaf' | Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard BelgianTemplate:Sfnp | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} | 'eight' | May be velar Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology |
| Southern accentsTemplate:Sfnp | |||||
| GreekTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} / Template:Transliteration | Template:Audio-IPA | 'soul' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Limburgish | Weert dialectTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | main}} | 'I' | main}} before and after front vowels.Template:Sfnp See Weert dialect phonology |
| LithuanianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | Very rare;Template:Sfnp typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Lithuanian phonology | |||
| Russian | StandardTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} / Template:Transliteration | Template:Audio-IPA | 'Hindi' | Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Russian phonology |
| Spanish | lang}} | main}} | 'woman' | main}} before front vowels.Template:Sfnp See Spanish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | lang}} / Template:Transliteration | main}} | 'course' | Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| UzbekTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | main}} | 'date palm' | Weakly fricated; occurs word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is post-velar Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp | |
Voiceless approximantEdit
Some scholars also posit the voiceless palatal approximant distinct from the fricative, found in a few spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, the voiceless homologue of the voiced palatal approximant.
The palatal approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the voiceless variant of the close front unrounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The sound is essentially an Australian English Template:Angbr (as in year) pronounced strictly without vibration of the vocal cords.
It is found as a phoneme in Jalapa Mazatec and Washo as well as in Kildin Sami.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breton | Bothoa dialect | Template:Example needed | main}}, plain voiced Template:IPAslink and nasal voiced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} approximants.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
| Chinese | Standard | lang}} / Template:Transliteration | main}} | 'ticket' | main}} after aspirated consonants. Normally transcribed as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Standard Chinese phonology | |
| English | Australian | Template:Example needed | main}}. See Australian English phonology<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
| New Zealand | Template:Example needed | main}}, also can be [{{#invoke:IPA|main}}] instead. See New Zealand English phonology<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0" /> | ||||
| French | Template:Example needed | main}}. See French phonology<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | ||||
| Jalapa MazatecTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Example needed | main}}, plain voiced Template:IPAslink and glottalized voiced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} approximants.Template:Sfnp | ||||
| Japanese | Template:Example needed | main}}Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | ||||
| Scottish Gaelic<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
lang}} | main}} | 'outside' (directional) | main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Washo | lang}} | main}} | 'he's hunting' | main}} and voiced Template:IPAslink approximants. | ||
| Koyukon (Denaakk'e) | Template:Example needed | main}} and voiced Template:IPAslink approximants. | ||||
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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