Arcade video game

File:Arcade-20071020-a.jpg

Two children playing an arcade racing game in 2007

Template:Video Games An arcade video game is an arcade game that takes player input from its controls, processes it through electrical or computerized components, and displays output to an electronic monitor or similar display. All arcade video games are coin-operated or accept other means of payment, housed in an arcade cabinet, and located in amusement arcades alongside other kinds of arcade games. Until the early 2000s, arcade video games were the largest<ref name="vgmarket"/> and most technologically advanced<ref name="VF3"/><ref name="thg"/> segment of the video game industry.

Early prototypical entries Galaxy Game and Computer Space in 1971 established the principle operations for arcade games, and Atari's Pong in 1972 is recognized as the first successful commercial arcade video game. Improvements in computer technology and gameplay design led to a golden age of arcade video games, the exact dates of which are debated but range from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. This golden age includes Space Invaders, Pac-Man, and Donkey Kong. The arcade industry had a resurgence from the early 1990s to mid-2000s, including Street Fighter II, Mortal Kombat, and Dance Dance Revolution, but ultimately declined in the Western world as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and gameplay capability and decreased in cost. Nevertheless, Japan, China, and South Korea retain a strong arcade industry in the present day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

File:Signed Pong Cabinet.jpg

Pong is the first commercially successful arcade video game.

Games of skill were popular amusement-park midway attractions from the 19th century on. With the introduction of electricity and coin-operated machines, they facilitated a viable business. When pinball machines with electric lights and displays were introduced in 1933 (but without the user-controller flippers which would not be invented until 1947) these machines were seen as games of luck. Numerous states and cities treated them as amoral playthings for rebellious young people, and banned them into the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>

Electro-mechanical games (EM games) appeared in arcades in the mid-20th century. Following Sega's EM game Periscope (1966), the arcade industry experienced a "technological renaissance" driven by "audio-visual" EM novelty games, establishing the arcades as a suitable environment for the introduction of commercial video games in the early 1970s.<ref name="Smith">Template:Cite book</ref> In the late 1960s, college student Nolan Bushnell had a part-time job at an arcade where he became familiar with EM games such as Chicago Coin's racing game Speedway (1969), watching customers play and helping to maintain the machinery, while learning the game business.<ref name="NGen23">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

The early mainframe game Spacewar! (1962) inspired the first commercial arcade video game, Computer Space (1971), created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney and released by Nutting Associates.<ref name="verge history">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was demonstrated at the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) show in October 1971.<ref name="TCW129135">Template:Cite book</ref> Another Spacewar-inspired coin-operated video game, Galaxy Game, was demonstrated at Stanford University in November 1971. Bushnell and Dabney followed their Computer Space success to create - with the help of Allan Alcorn - a table-tennis game, Pong, released in 1972. Pong became a commercial success, leading numerous other coin-op manufacturers to enter the market.<ref name="verge history"/>

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

The video game industry transitioned from discrete integrated circuitry to programmable microprocessors in the mid-1970s, starting with Gun Fight in 1975. The arcade industry entered a "Golden Age" in 1978 with the release of Taito's Space Invaders, which introduced many novel gameplay features - including a scoreboard. From 1978 to 1982, several other major arcade-games from Namco, Atari, Williams Electronics, Stern Electronics, and Nintendo were all considered blockbusters, particularly Namco's Pac-Man (1980), which became a fixture in popular culture. Across North America and Japan, dedicated video-game arcades appeared and arcade-game cabinets appeared in many smaller storefronts. By 1981, the arcade video-game industry was worth Template:USD in the US.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The novelty of arcade games waned sharply after 1982 due to several factors, including market saturation of arcades and arcade games, a moral panic over video games (similar to fears raised over pinball machines in the decades prior), and the 1983 video game crash as the home-console market impacted arcades. The arcade market had recovered by 1986, with the help of software-conversion kits, the arrival of popular beat 'em up games (such as Kung-Fu Master (1984) and Renegade (1986-1987)), and advanced motion simulator games (such as Sega's "taikan" games including Hang-On (1985), Space Harrier (1985), and Out Run (1986)). However, the growth of home video-game systems such as the Nintendo Entertainment System led to another brief arcade decline toward the end of the 1980s.<ref name="replaymag">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Arcade games continued to improve with the development of technology and of gameplay. In the early 1990s, the release of Capcom's Street Fighter II established the modern style of fighting games and led to a number of similar games such as Mortal Kombat, Fatal Fury, Killer Instinct, Virtua Fighter, and Tekken, creating a new renaissance in the arcades.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another factor was realism,<ref name="GW">Template:Cite magazine</ref> including the "3D Revolution" from 2D and pseudo-3D graphics to "true" real-time 3D polygon graphics.<ref name="Williams">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="tao2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This was largely driven by a technological arms-race between Sega and Namco.<ref name="RG127">Template:Cite magazine</ref> During the early 1990s games such as Sega's Virtua Racing and Virtua Fighter popularized 3D-polygon technology in arcades. 3D graphics later became popular in console and computer games by the mid-1990s,<ref name=vracing>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> though arcade systems such as the Sega Model 3 remained considerably more advanced than home systems in the late 1990s.<ref name="VF3">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="thg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Until about 1996, arcade video-games had remained the largest segment of the global video-game industry. Arcades declined in the late 1990s, surpassed by the console market for the first time around 1997–1998.<ref name="vgmarket">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Since the 2000s, arcade games have taken different routes globally. In the United States, arcades have become niche markets as they compete with the home-console market, and they have adapted other business models, such as providing other entertainment options or adding prize redemptions.<ref name="socialarcades">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Japan, where arcades continue to flourish, games like Dance Dance Revolution and The House of the Dead aim to deliver tailored experiences that players cannot easily have at home.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Technology

File:Neogeoguts.JPG

The inside of a Neo Geo MVS arcade cabinet

Virtually all modern arcade games (other than the very traditional fair midway) make extensive use of solid state electronics, integrated circuits, and monitor screens, all installed inside an arcade cabinet.

With the exception of Galaxy Game and Computer Space, which were built around small form-factor mainframe computers, the first arcade games are based on combinations of multiple discrete logic chips, such as transistor–transistor logic (TTL) chips. Designing an arcade game was more about the combination of these TTL chips and other electronic components to achieve the desired effect on screen. More complex gameplay required significantly more TTL components to achieve this result. By the mid-1970s, the first inexpensive programmable microprocessors had arrived on the market. The first microprocessor-based video game is Midway's Gun Fight in 1975 (a conversion of Taito's Western Gun), and with the advent of Space Invaders and the golden era, microprocessor-based games became typical.<ref name="Ultimate History">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Early arcade games were also designed around raster graphics displayed on a cathode-ray tube (CRT) display. Many games of the late 1970s and early 1980s use special displays that rendered vector graphics, though these waned by the mid-1980s as display technology on CRTs improved.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Prior to the availability of color CRT or vector displays, some arcade cabinets have a combination of angled monitor positioning, one-way mirrors, and clear overlays to simulate colors and other graphics onto the gameplay field.<ref name="arcade design">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Coin-operated arcade video games from the 1990s to the 2000s generally use custom hardware often with multiple CPUs, highly specialized sound and graphics chips, and the latest in expensive computer graphics display technology. This allows more complex graphics and sound than contemporary video game consoles or personal computers. Many arcade games since the 2000s run on modified video game console hardware (such as the Sega NAOMI or Triforce) or gaming PC components (such as the Taito Type X). Many arcade games have more immersive and realistic game controls than PC or console games. This includes specialized ambiance or control accessories such as fully enclosed dynamic cabinets with force feedback controls, dedicated lightguns, rear-projection displays, reproductions of automobile or airplane cockpits, motorcycle or horse-shaped controllers, or highly dedicated controllers such as dancing mats and fishing rods. These accessories are usually too bulky, expensive, and specialized to be used with typical home PCs and consoles. Arcade makers experiment with virtual reality technology. Arcades have progressed from using coins as credits to smart cards that hold the virtual currency of credits.

Modern arcade cabinets use flat panel displays instead of cathode-ray tubes. Internet services such as ALL.Net, NESiCAxLive, e-Amusement and NESYS, allow the cabinets to download updates or new games, do online multiplayer gameplay, save progress, unlock content, or earn credits.

Genres

File:Sega Rally.jpg

Sega Rally arcade racing games at the Veljekset Keskinen department store in Tuuri, Alavus, Finland in 2017

Many arcade games have short levels, simple and intuitive control schemes, and rapidly increasing difficulty. The classic formula for a successful arcade video game is "easy to learn, difficult to master"<ref name="kunkel">Template:Cite magazine</ref> along with a "multiple life, progressively difficult level" paradigm.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This is due to the environment of the arcade, where the player is essentially renting the game for as long as their in-game avatar can stay alive or until they run out of tokens. Games on consoles or PCs can be referred to as "arcade games" if they share these qualities, or are direct ports of arcade games.Template:Citation needed

Arcade racing games often have sophisticated motion simulator arcade cabinets,<ref name="arcadeheroes">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Horowitz2">Template:Cite book</ref> a simplified physics engine, and short learning time when compared with more realistic racing simulations. Cars can turn sharply without braking or understeer, and the AI rivals are sometimes programmed so they are always near the player with a rubberband effect. Other types of arcade-style games include music games (particularly rhythm games), and mobile and casual games with intuitive controls and short sessions.Template:Citation needed

Action

The term "arcade game" can refer to an action video game designed to play similarly to an arcade game with frantic, addictive gameplay.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The focus of arcade action games is on the user's reflexes, and many feature very little puzzle-solving, complex thinking, or strategy skills.Template:Citation needed These include fighting games often played with an arcade controller, beat 'em up games including fast-paced hack and slash games, and light gun rail shooters and "bullet hell" shooters with intuitive controls and rapidly increasing difficulty.Template:Citation needed

Many arcade combat flight simulation games have sophisticated hydraulic motion simulator cabinets,<ref name="arcadeheroes"/><ref name="Horowitz2"/> and simplified physics and handling. Arcade flight games are meant to have an easy learning curve, in order to preserve their action component. Increasing numbers of console flight video games, such as Crimson Skies, Ace Combat, and Secret Weapons Over Normandy indicate the falling of manual-heavy flight sim popularity in favor of instant arcade flight action.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A modern subgenre of action games called "hack and slash" or "character action games" represent an evolution of traditional arcade action games, and are sometimes considered a subgenre of beat 'em up brawlers. This subgenre of games was largely defined by Hideki Kamiya, creator of the Devil May Cry and Bayonetta franchises.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Industry

Arcade games are found in restaurants, bowling alleys, college campuses, video rental shops, dormitories, laundromats, movie theaters, supermarkets, shopping malls, airports, and other retail environments. They are popular in public places where people are likely to have free time.<ref>Tricks of the Podcasting Masters p. 38</ref>

Their profitability is expanded by the popularity of conversions of arcade games for home-based platforms. In 1997, WMS Industries (parent company of Midway Games) reported that if more than 5,000 arcade units are sold, at least 100,000 home version units will be sold.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

The American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) is a trade association established in 1981<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> that represents the American coin-operated amusement machine industry,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> including 120 arcade game distributors and manufacturers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Japan Amusement Machine and Marketing Association (JAMMA) represents the Japanese arcade industry. Arcade machines may have standardized connectors or interfaces such as JAMMA, or JVS, that help with quick replacement of game systems or boards in arcade cabinets. The game boards or arcade boards may themselves allow for games to be replaced via game cartridges or discs.

Conversions, emulators, and recreations

Prior to the 2000s, successful video games were often converted to a home video game console or home computer. Many of the initial Atari VCS games, for example, were conversions of Atari's success arcade games. Arcade game manufacturers that were not in the home console or computer business found licensing of their games to console manufacturers to be a successful business model, as console manufacturer competitors would vie for rights to more popular games. Coleco famously bested Atari to secure the rights to convert Nintendo's Donkey Kong, which it subsequently included as a pack-in game for the ColecoVision to challenge the VCS.<ref name="nl bromley">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Arcade conversions typically had to make concessions for the lower computational power and capabilities of the home console, such as limited graphics or alterations in gameplay. Such conversions had mixed results. The Atari VCS conversion of Space Invaders was considered the VCS's killer application, helping to quadruple the VCS sales in 1980.<ref name="RG-41">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In contrast, the VCS conversion of Pac-Man in 1982 was highly criticized for technical flaws due to VCS limitations such as flickering ghosts and simplified gameplay. Though Pac-Man was the best-selling game on the VCS, it eroded consumer confidence in Atari's games and partially contributed to the 1983 crash.<ref name="Gama-2600">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The need for arcade conversions began to wane as arcade game manufacturers like Nintendo, Sega, and SNK entered the home console market and used similar technology within their home consoles as found at the arcade, negating the need to simplify the game. Concessions still may be made for a home release; notably, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System conversion of Mortal Kombat removed much of the gore from the arcade version to meet Nintendo's quality control standards.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Exact copies of arcade video games can be run through emulators such as MAME on modern devices. An emulator is an application that translates foreign software onto a modern system, in real-time. Emulated games appeared legally and commercially on the Macintosh in 1994<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with Williams floppy disks, Sony PlayStation in 1996, and Sega Saturn in 1997 with CD-ROM compilations such as Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits and Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 1, and on the PlayStation 2 and GameCube with DVD-ROM compilations such as Midway Arcade Treasures.Template:Citation needed Arcade games are downloaded and emulated through the Nintendo Wii Virtual Console service starting in 2009.Template:Citation needed

Using emulation, companies like Arcade1Up have produced at-scale or reduced-scale recreations of arcade cabinets using modern technology, such as LCD monitors and lightweight construction. These cabinets are typically designed to resemble the original arcade game cabinets, but may also support multiple related games. These cabinets can be offered in diverse and miniaturized styles, such as table-mounted and wall-mounted versions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Highest-grossing

For arcade games, success is usually judged by either the number of arcade hardware units sold to operators, or the amount of revenue generated. The revenue can include the coin drop earnings from coins (such as quarters, dollars, or 100 yen coins) inserted into machines,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and/or the earnings from hardware sales with each unit costing thousands of dollars. Most of the revenue figures listed below are incomplete as they only include hardware sales revenue, due to a lack of available data for coin drop earnings which typically account for the majority of a hit arcade game's gross revenue. This list only includes arcade games that either sold more than 10,000 hardware units or generated a revenue of more than Template:US$. Most of the games listed were released between the golden age of arcade video games (1978–1984) and the 1990s.

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Game	Release year	Hardware units sold	Estimated gross revenue (US$ without inflation)	Estimated gross revenue (US$ with Template:Inflation-year inflation)<ref name="cpi_inflation">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Pac-Man	1980	400,000 (until 1982)<ref name="pac_sales">Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Sort (until 1982)<ref name="John1999">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="John2012">Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:US$
Space Invaders	1978	750,000 (until 1979)<ref name="invaders_sales">Template:Cite magazine</ref>	Template:Sort (until 1982)<ref name="Game On">Template:Cite book</ref>	$Template:Formatprice
Street Fighter II	1991	221,000+ Template:SmallTemplate:Refn	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="gamerevolution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	$Template:Formatprice
The King of Fighters '97	1997	150,000 (until 1998)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Donkey Kong	1981	132,000 (until 1982)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 1982) (US hardware sales)<ref name="DK_gross">Template:Cite book</ref>	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Ms. Pac-Man	1982	125,000 (until 1988)<ref name="mspac_sales">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Wolf-44">Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>	Template:US$
Asteroids	1979	Template:Sort (until 2001)<ref name="Wolf-44"/><ref name="kent_asteroids">Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="asteroids_gross">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>	$Template:Formatprice
Defender	1981	Template:Sort (until 2020)<ref name="defender_sales">Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Sort (until 2020)<ref name="defender_sales"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Print Club (Purikura)	1995	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref name="Hunt">Template:Cite news</ref>	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	$Template:Formatprice
Centipede	1981	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Sort (hardware sales until 1991)<ref name="atari_production" />	$Template:Formatprice (hardware sales)
Galaxian	1979	Template:Sort (in the US until 1982)<ref name="galaxian1">Template:Cite book</ref>
Virtua Fighter	1993	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref name="VF">Template:Cite news</ref>
Virtua Fighter 2	1994	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref name="GM515">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Tekken 2	1995	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref name="GM534">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Starhorse2	2005	Template:Sort (until 2009)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 2011) (Fifth Expansion)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice (Fifth Expansion)
Hyper Olympic (Track & Field)	1983	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Tekken 3	1996	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref name="GM557">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Donkey Kong Jr.	1982	Template:Sort (1982 in the US)<ref>Donkey Kong: Japan: 65,000 of Donkey Kong Template:Cite book United States: 67,000 of Donkey Kong {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }} United States: 30,000 of Donkey Kong Jr. and 5000 of Donkey Kong 3.<ref name="Kent-352"/> </ref>
Mr. Do!	1982	Template:Sort (1982 in the US)<ref name="kent_do">Template:Cite book</ref>
Karate Champ	1984	Template:Sort (in the US until 1985)<ref name="GM259">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Out Run	1986	Template:Sort (until 1994)<ref name="MMS22">Template:Cite magazine</ref>	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:US$ Template:Small
Final Fight	1989	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Virtua Fighter 3	1996	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref name="GM557"/>
NBA Jam	1993	Template:Sort (until 2013)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	Template:Sort (until 2013)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:US$
World Club Champion Football	2002	Template:Sort (until 2009)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 2012)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Mortal Kombat II	1993	27,000 (until 2002)<ref name="nytimes2002"/>	Template:Sort (until 2002)<ref name="usgamer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	$Template:Formatprice
Frogger	1981		Template:SortTemplate:Small<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Tempest	1981	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="atari_memo2" />	Template:Sort (hardware sales until 1991)<ref name="atari_production" />	$Template:Formatprice (hardware sales)
Q*bert	1982	Template:Sort (until 2001)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles	1989	Template:Sort (US & EU until May 1990)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Beatmania	1997	Template:Sort (until 2000)<ref name="beatmania_sales">Template:Cite news</ref>	Template:Sort (until 1998) (Japan hardware sales)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice (Japan hardware sales)
Mortal Kombat	1992	24,000 (until 2002)<ref name="nytimes2002">Template:Cite news</ref>	Template:Sort (until 2002)<ref name="nytimes2002" />	$Template:Formatprice
Darkstalkers: The Night Warriors	1994	Template:Sort<ref name="okamoto_darkstalkers">Template:Cite AV mediaTemplate:Cbignore.</ref>
Robotron: 2084	1982	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="atari_memo2"/>
Pole Position	1982	Template:Sort (in the US until 1983)<ref name="atari_memo2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="atari_memo2"/><ref name="atari_production"/> (US hardware sales)	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Dig Dug	1982	Template:Sort<ref name="atari_production"/> (in the US until 1983)<ref name="atari_memo1"/>	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="atari_production"/> (US hardware sales)	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Popeye	1982	Template:Sort (in the US until 1982)<ref name="Kent-352">Template:Cite book</ref>
Vs. Super Mario Bros.	1986	Template:Sort (1986)<ref name="Horowitz">Template:Cite book</ref>
Pump It Up	1999	Template:Sort (until 2005)<ref name="pump_sales">Template:Cite news</ref>
Tekken Tag Tournament	1999	Template:Sort (until 2000)<ref name="Tag">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Jungle Hunt	1982	Template:Sort (in the US until 1983)<ref name="atari_memo1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Raiden	1990	Template:Sort<ref name="TFDRDIII">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }} (Translation by Shmuplations. Template:Webarchive).</ref>
Killer Instinct	1994	Template:Sort<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Sort+<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	$Template:Inflation million+
Pokémon Mezastar	2020		Template:Sort+ (until 2021)<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref>	Template:Sort+
Dragon's Lair	1983	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="kent_lair">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	Template:Sort (hardware sales until 1983)<ref name="kent_lair" /><ref name="Allgame-Dyer" />	$Template:Formatprice (hardware sales)
Asteroids Deluxe	1981	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Sort (hardware sales until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99" />	$Template:Formatprice (hardware sales)
Missile Command	1980	Template:Sort (until 2010)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Sort (hardware sales until 1991)<ref name="atari_production99" />	$Template:Formatprice (hardware sales)
Berzerk	1980	Template:Sort (until 1981)<ref name="stern_production_numbers">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Scramble	1981	Template:Sort (until 1981)<ref name="stern_production_numbers" />
Champion Baseball	1983	Template:Sort (in Japan until June 1983)<ref name="CB">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Mushiking: King of the Beetles	2003	Template:Sort (until 2005)<ref name="sega_sep05">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Sort (until 2007)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Battlezone	1980	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99" />	Template:Sort (hardware sales until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99" />	$Template:Formatprice (hardware sales)
Stargate	1981	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="atari_memo2" />
Space Duel	1982	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production" />
Mahjong Fight Club 3	2004	Template:Sort (until 2004)<ref name="konami05">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Super Cobra	1981	Template:Sort (until 1981)<ref name="stern_production_numbers" />
Capcom Bowling	1988	Template:Sort Template:Small<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Sega Rally Championship	1994	Template:Sort<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Oshare Majo: Love and Berry	2004	Template:Sort (until 2006)<ref name="sega_dec06">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="sega_dec05">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Sort (until 2007)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Double Dragon	1987	Template:Sort (US in 1988)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Street Fighter	1987	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Dance Dance Revolution	1998	10,000+ Template:Small<ref name="GM603">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Wheels / Wheels II (Speed Race)	1974	Template:Sort (1975 in the US)<ref name="Baer">Template:Cite book</ref>
Gee Bee	1978	Template:Sort<ref name="4Gamer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Big Buck Hunter Pro	2006	Template:Sort (until 2009)<ref name="bigbuck_safari">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="bbh_sales">Template:Cite news</ref>
World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs	2008	Template:Sort (until 2009)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 2012)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Pokémon Battrio	2007		Template:Sort+ (until 2012)<ref name=":1"/>	$Template:Formatprice+
StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins	2011		Template:Sort (until 2012)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Pokémon Tretta	2012		Template:Sort+ (until 2014)<ref name=":1"/>	$Template:Formatprice+
Border Break	2009	Template:Sort (until 2009)<ref name="sega_dec09">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Sort (until 2012)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Tron	1982	Template:Sort (in the US until 1982)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Sort
Sengoku Taisen	2010		Template:Sort (until 2012)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Pokémon Ga-Olé	2016		Template:Sort+ (until 2018)<ref name=":1"/>	$Template:Formatprice+
Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road	2007		Template:Sort (until 2008)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Samba de Amigo	1999	Template:Sort (until 2000)<ref name="iol_samba">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Sort (until 2000)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Sangokushi Taisen 3	2007		Template:Sort (until 2011)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Pong	1972	Template:Sort<ref name="time74">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="ashley9">Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Sort (until 1973)<ref name="pong_gross">Template:Cite news</ref>	$Template:Formatprice
Lord of Vermilion	2008		Template:Sort (until 2008)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Sega Network Mahjong MJ4	2008	Template:Sort (until 2009)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 2010)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Kangaroo	1982	Template:Sort<ref name="atari_production"/> (until 1983)<ref name="atari_memo1"/>	Template:Sort (until 1983) (US hardware sales)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Hard Drivin'	1989	Template:Sort (until 1989)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1989)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Gauntlet	1985	Template:Sort (until 1985)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1985)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Sega Network Mahjong MJ5	2011		Template:Sort (until 2012)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Millipede	1982	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Race Drivin'	1990	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Breakout	1976	Template:Sort (until 1981)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	Template:Sort (hardware sales until 1981)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Time Traveler	1991		Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="Allgame-Dyer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	$Template:Formatprice
Space Ace	1984		Template:Sort (until 1984)<ref name="Allgame-Dyer"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Xevious	1982	Template:Sort (in the US until 1983)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="atari_production"/> (US hardware sales)	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Atari Football	1978	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Final Lap	1987	Template:Sort (in the US until 1988)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1988)<ref name="atari_production"/> (US hardware sales)	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Paperboy	1984	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Star Wars	1983	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Sprint 2	1976	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Championship Sprint	1986	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Pole Position II	1983	Template:Sort (in the US until 1983)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="atari_production"/> (US hardware sales)	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Sea Wolf	1976	Template:Sort (until 2000)<ref name="seawolf_sales">Template:Cite book</ref>
Lunar Lander	1979	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Super Sprint	1986	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Marble Madness	1984	Template:Sort (until 1985)<ref name="GDC2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Rolling Thunder	1986	Template:Sort (in the US until 1987)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1987)<ref name="atari_production"/> (US hardware sales)	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Arabian	1983	Template:Sort (in the US until 1983)<ref name="atari_memo1"/>	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="atari_production"/> (US hardware sales)	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)

Franchises

These are the combined hardware sales of at least two or more arcade games that are part of the same franchise. This list only includes franchises that have sold at least 5,000 hardware units or grossed at least $10 million revenues.

Franchise	Original release year	Total hardware units sold	Estimated gross revenue (US$ without inflation)	Estimated gross revenue (US$ with Template:Inflation-year inflation)<ref name="cpi_inflation"/>
Pac-Man	1980	526,412 (until 1988)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 1982)<ref name="Stern">Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:US$
Space Invaders	1978	750,000 (until 1980)<ref name="invaders_sales"/>	Template:Sort (until 1982)<ref name="Game On"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Street Fighter	1987	500,000 (until 2002)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Guiness-77">Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="gamerevolution"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Pac-Man clones	1980	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Street Fighter clones	1987	200,000+<ref name="Polygon"/>
Mario	1981	190,800 (until 1983)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 1982) (US hardware sales)<ref name="DK_gross"/>	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Donkey Kong	1981	167,000 (until 1983)<ref group="n" name="DonkeyKong"/>	Template:Sort (until 1982) (US hardware sales)<ref name="DK_gross"/>	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Asteroids	1979	136,437 (until 1999)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 1999)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Virtua Fighter	1993	Template:SortTemplate:Efn
Golden Tee Golf	1989	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Data Carddass	2005	100,000 (until 2012)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Tekken	1994	Template:SortTemplate:Efn
Defender	1981	Template:Sort (until 2020)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 2020)<ref name="defender_sales"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Centipede	1981	Template:Sort (until 1991)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 1991)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Mortal Kombat	1992	Template:Sort (until 2002)<ref name="nytimes2002"/>	Template:Sort (until 200)<ref name="nytimes2002"/><ref name="usgamer"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Galaxian	1979	Template:Sort (in the US until 1988)Template:Refn
Pokémon arcade games	2007		Template:Sort+ (until 2021)<ref name=":1" />	$Template:Formatprice+
Starhorse	2000	Template:Sort (until 2009)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 2012)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Bemani	1997	Template:Sort (until 2000)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 1998) (Beatmania hardware sales in Japan)<ref group=n name=Beatmania />	$Template:Formatprice (Beatmania hardware sales in Japan)
Big Buck	2000	Template:Sort (until 2010)Template:Refn
Mr. Do!	1982	Template:Sort (in the US until 1982)<ref name="kent_do"/>
Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road	2007		Template:Sort (until 2008)<ref group=n name=BattleRoad />	$Template:Formatprice
Lord of Vermilion	2008		Template:Sort (until 2008)<ref group=n name=Vermillion />	$Template:Formatprice
Scramble	1981	Template:Sort (until 1981)<ref name="stern_production_numbers"/>
Sega Network Mahjong	2000	Template:Sort (until 2006)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 2012)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Darkstalkers	1994	Template:Sort<ref name="okamoto_darkstalkers"/>
Pole Position	1982	Template:Sort (in the US until 1983)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 1988) (US hardware sales)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Dig Dug	1982	Template:Sort<ref name="atari_production"/> (in the US until 1983)<ref name="atari_memo1"/>	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="atari_production"/> (US hardware sales)	$Template:Formatprice (US hardware sales)
Pump It Up	1999	Template:Sort (until 2005)<ref name="pump_sales"/>
Breakout	1976	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Star Wars	1983	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1983)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Sprint	1976	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	Template:Sort (until 1999)<ref name="atari_production99"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Mushiking	2003	Template:Sort (until 2005)<ref name="sega_sep05"/>	Template:Sort (until 2007)<ref group="n" name="Mushiking">Mushiking: 420 million<ref name="gamesetwatch_sega"/> 100 yen coins<ref name="kotaku_sega"/> = ¥42 billion Currency conversion: $530 million<ref name="xe_currency"/> </ref>	$Template:Formatprice
Sea Wolf	1976	Template:Sort (until 2000)<ref name="seawolf_sales"/>
Mahjong Fight Club	2002	Template:Sort (until 2004)<ref name="konami05"/>
Gauntlet	1985	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Love and Berry	2004	Template:Sort (until 2006)<ref name="sega_dec06"/>	Template:Sort (until 2007)<ref group="n" name="LoveBerry">Love and Berry: 240 million<ref name="gamesetwatch_sega"/> 100 yen coins<ref name="kotaku_sega"/> = ¥24 billion Currency conversion: $302.68 million<ref name="xe_currency"/> </ref>	$Template:Formatprice
Sangokushi Taisen	2005	Template:Sort (until 2008)Template:Refn	Template:Sort (until 2012)Template:Refn	$Template:Formatprice
Pong	1972	Template:Sort<ref name="time74"/><ref name="ashley9"/>	Template:Sort (until 1973)<ref name="pong_gross"/>	$Template:Formatprice
Hard Drivin'	1989	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort (until 1991)<ref name="atari_production"/>	Template:Sort
Samba de Amigo	1999	Template:Sort (until 2000)<ref name="iol_samba"/>	Template:Sort (until 2000)<ref group="n" name="Samba">Samba de Amigo: ¥3.84 billion Currency conversion: $47.11 million<ref name="xe_currency"/> </ref>	$Template:Formatprice
Border Break	2009	Template:Sort (until 2009)<ref name="sega_dec09"/>	Template:Sort (until 2012)<ref group="n" name="BorderBreak">Border Break: Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.3 billion<ref name="sega_mar10"/> Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.5 billion<ref name="sega_mar11"/> Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥2.3 billion<ref name="sega12"/><ref name="Sega Sammy Holdings"/> 1st Quarter Ended 30 June 2012: ¥0.5 billion<ref name="sega_jun12"/> Currency conversion:<ref name="xe_currency"/> ¥3.3 billion = $40.7317 million ¥2.5 billion = $30.8542 million ¥2.3 billion = $28.6371 million ¥0.5 billion = $6.3784 million </ref>	$Template:Formatprice
World Club Champion Football	2012	Template:Sort (until 2015)<ref name=wccf group=n />	Template:Sort (until 2012)<ref group="n" name="wccf_revenue">World Club Champion Football series, revenue: Series revenues until March 2009 – $552.3 million 480 million player cards sold. Prices could range from ¥300 for a single card from an arcade machine to ¥1000 for a starter pack.<ref name="DigInfo TV"/> A¥1000 starter pack consists of 11 player cards, equivalent to ¥90.91 each.<ref name="GameSpot"/> Total revenues from player card sales thus range from ¥43.64 billion (at ¥90.91 per card) to ¥144 billion (at ¥300 per card). In US dollars, this is equivalent to a range of $552.3 million to $1.82244 billion.<ref name="xe_currency"/> The lowest value of $552.3 million will be assumed. World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs revenues from April 2009 to June 2012 – $150.1 million<ref group="n" name="Intercontinental">World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥4.2 billion<ref name="sega_mar10"/> Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥3.8 billion<ref name="sega_mar11"/> Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥3.6 billion<ref name="sega12"/><ref name="sega_dec11"/> 1st quarter ended 30 June 2012: ¥0.5 billion<ref name="sega_jun12"/> Currency conversion:<ref name="xe_currency"/> ¥4.2 billion = $51.9159 million ¥3.8 billion = $46.9716 million ¥3.6 billion = $44.8253 million ¥0.5 billion = $6.3784 million </ref> </ref>	$Template:Formatprice

See also

• Claw crane
• JAMMA
• List of arcade video games
• Medal game
• Money booth
• Neo Geo
• Winners Don't Use Drugs

External links

• The Video Arcade Preservation Society
• Online collection of Automatic Age trade journals, 1925–1945
• Collection of Cocktail Arcade Machines
• Arcade History (Coin-Op Database)
• The Museum of Soviet Arcade Games (blog article)