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Ludic, Ludian, or Ludic Karelian ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), is a Finnic language in the Uralic language family or a Karelian dialect. It is transitional between the Olonets Karelian language and the Veps language.<ref name=e18/> It is spoken by 300 Karelians in the Republic of Karelia in Russia, near the southwestern shore of Lake Onega, including a few children.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ClassificationEdit
In the Finnish research tradition, Ludic has been considered a transitional dialect area between Karelian and Veps,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> while in the Russian research tradition it is, on ethnographic grounds, normally considered a dialect of Karelian. A status as an independent language has been proposed in recent times.Template:Sfn Ludic is characterised by a specific mixture of Karelian-like traits (such as the diphthongisation of the Proto-Finnic non-open long vowels: e.g. *pää > piä 'head', *soo > suo 'swamp', contrast Veps pä, so)Template:Sfn and Veps-like traits (such as an almost complete loss of consonant gradation).Template:Sfn Like Veps, Ludic has also partially lost vowel harmony.
DialectsEdit
Ludic comprises three main dialect groups:Template:Sfn
- Ludic
- Northern (Lake) Ludic, at the northwestern shores of Lake Onega
- Central (River) Ludic, at settlements along river Shuya and near the city of Petrozavodsk
- Kuďäŕv (Forest) Ludic, in the Mikhaylovskoye rural locality
The strongest Karelian resemblance is found in Northern Ludic, while the Kuďäŕv dialect shares the most features with Veps.
PhonologyEdit
VowelsEdit
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Open | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||
- Vowel length may also be distinctive.
ConsonantsEdit
- Sounds {{#invoke:IPA|main}} only occur in recent borrowings.
- {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can also be heard as a velar {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
- {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is heard as velar {{#invoke:IPA|main}} when preceding velar consonants.
- {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can be lenited as a fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in intervocalic positions.
Writing systemEdit
Ludic is written using the unified Karelian alphabet, but in some publications the letter Ü is used instead of Y, as in Veps.
| Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | B | C | Č | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | Š | Z | Ž | T | U | V | Y (Ü) | Ä | Ö | ʼ |
| Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | c | č | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | š | z | ž | t | u | v | y (ü) | ä | ö | ʼ |
PhrasesEdit
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} = Who are you?
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} = What is this?
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} = Which one of you is Onni?
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} = Why are you laughing?
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} = What time is it?
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} = When are they coming home?
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} = He/She leaves tomorrow.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
LiteratureEdit
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