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Perak ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Perak Malay: Peghok) is a state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, and Selangor to the south. Thailand's Yala and Narathiwat provinces both lie to the northeast. Perak's capital city, Ipoh, was known historically for its tin-mining activities until the price of the metal dropped, severely affecting the state's economy. The royal capital remains Kuala Kangsar, where the palace of the Sultan of Perak is located. As of 2018, the state's population was 2,500,000. Perak has diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate. The state's main mountain ranges are composed of the Titiwangsa, Bintang and Keledang Ranges, where all of them are part of the larger Tenasserim Hills system that connects Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia.
The discovery of an ancient skeleton in Perak revealed missing information on the migration of Homo sapiens from mainland Asia through Southeast Asia to the Australian continent. Known as Perak Man, the skeleton is dated at around 10,000 years old. An early Hindu or Buddhist kingdom, followed by several other minor kingdoms, existed before the arrival of Islam. By 1528, a Muslim sultanate began to emerge in Perak, out of the remnants of the Malaccan Sultanate. Although able to resist Siamese occupation for more than two hundred years, the sultanate was partly controlled by the Sumatra-based Aceh Sultanate. This was particularly the case after the Aceh lineage took over the royal succession. With the arrival of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and the VOC's increasing conflicts with Aceh, Perak began to distance itself from Acehnese control. The presence of the English East India Company (EIC) in the nearby Straits Settlements of Penang provided additional protection for the state, with further Siamese attempts to conquer Perak thwarted by British expeditionary forces.
The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was signed to prevent further conflict between the British and the Dutch. It enabled the British to expand their control in the Malay Peninsula without interference from other foreign powers. The 1874 Pangkor Treaty provided for direct British intervention, with Perak appointing a British Resident. Following Perak's subsequent absorption into the Federated Malay States (FMS), the British reformed administration of the sultanate through a new style of government, actively promoting a market-driven economy and maintaining law and order while combatting the slavery widely practised across Perak at the time. The three-year Japanese occupation in World War II halted further progress. After the war, Perak became part of the temporary Malayan Union, before being absorbed into the Federation of Malaya. It gained full independence through the Federation, which subsequently became Malaysia on 16 September 1963.
Perak is ethnically, culturally and linguistically diverse. The state is known for several traditional dances: bubu, dabus, and labu sayong, the latter name also referring to Perak's unique traditional pottery. The head of state is the Sultan of Perak, and the head of government is the Menteri Besar. Government is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system, with the state administration divided into administrative districts. Islam is the state religion, and other religions may be practised freely. Malay and English are recognised as the official languages of Perak. The economy is mainly based on services and manufacturing.
EtymologyEdit
There are many theories about the origin of the name Perak.<ref name="etymology">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="varous theories">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although not used until after 1529, the most popular etymology is "silver" (in Malay: perak);<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> associated with tin mining from the state's large mineral deposits, reflecting Perak's position as one of the world's largest sources of tin.<ref name="etymology"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Perak origin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first Islamic kingdom established in the state was of the lineage of the Sultanate of Malacca.<ref name="Perak origin"/> Some local historians have suggested that Perak was named after Malacca's bendahara, Tun Perak.<ref name="etymology"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In maps prior to 1561, the area is marked as Perat.<ref name="Perak origin"/> Other historians believe that the name Perak derives from the Malay phrase "kilatan ikan dalam air" (the glimmer of fish in water), which looks like silver.<ref name="etymology"/><ref name="varous theories"/> Perak has been translated into Arabic as Template:Script (Dār al-Riḍwān), "abode of grace".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
HistoryEdit
PrehistoryEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Among the prehistoric sites in Malaysia where artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic era have been found are Bukit Bunuh, Bukit Gua Harimau, Bukit Jawa, Bukit Kepala Gajah, and Kota Tampan in the Lenggong Archaeological Heritage Valley.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Of these, Bukit Bunuh and Kota Tampan are ancient lakeside sites, the geology of Bukit Bunuh showing evidence of meteoric impact.<ref name="Saad2016">Template:Cite book</ref> The 10,000-year-old skeleton known as Perak Man was found inside the Bukit Gunung Runtuh cave at Bukit Kepala Gajah.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:* Template:Cite book
Template:* Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref> Ancient tools discovered in the area of Kota Tampan, including anvils, cores, debitage, and hammerstones, provide information on the migrations of Homo sapiens.<ref name="Saad2016"/> Other important Neolithic sites in the country include Bukit Gua Harimau, Gua Badak, Gua Pondok, and Padang Rengas, containing evidence of human presence in the Mesolithic Hoabinhian era.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Perak brief history">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
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In 1959, a British artillery officer stationed at an inland army base during the Malayan Emergency discovered the Tambun rock art, identified by archaeologists as the largest rock art site in the Malay Peninsula. Most of the paintings are located high above the cave floor, at an elevation of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Seashells and coral fragments scattered along the cave floor are evidence that the area was once underwater.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The significant numbers of statues of Hindu deities and of the Buddha found in Bidor, Kuala Selensing, Jalong, and Pengkalan Pegoh indicate that, before the arrival of Islam, the inhabitants of Perak were mainly Hindu or Buddhist. The influence of Indian culture and beliefs on society and values in the Malay Peninsula from early times is believed to have culminated in the semi-legendary Gangga Negara kingdom.<ref name="Perak brief history"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Malay Annals mention that Gangga Negara at one time fell under Siamese rule, before Raja Suran of Thailand sailed further south down the Malay Peninsula.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sultanate of PerakEdit
By the 15th century, a kingdom named Beruas had come into existence. Inscriptions found on early tombstones of the period show clear Islamic influence, believed to have originated from the Sultanate of Malacca, the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and the rural areas of the Perak River.<ref name="Perak brief history"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first organised local government systems to emerge in Perak were the Manjung government and several other governments in Central and Hulu Perak (Upper Perak) under Raja Roman and Tun Saban.<ref name="Perak brief history"/> With the spread of Islam, a sultanate subsequently emerged in Perak; the second oldest Muslim kingdom in the Malay Peninsula after the neighbouring Kedah Sultanate.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Based on Salasilah Raja-Raja Perak (Perak Royal Genealogy), the Perak Sultanate was formed in the early 16th century on the banks of the Perak River by the eldest son of Mahmud Shah, the 8th Sultan of Malacca.<ref name="US commercial relations">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Sultanate of Perak background">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He ascended to the throne as Muzaffar Shah I, first Sultan of Perak, after surviving the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511 and living quietly for a period in Siak on the island of Sumatra. He became sultan through the efforts of Tun Saban, a local leader and trader between Perak and Klang.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/> There had been no sultan in Perak when Tun Saban first arrived in the area from Kampar in Sumatra.<ref name="background of the Sultanate of Perak">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Most of the area's residents were traders from Malacca and Selangor, and from Siak, Kampar, and Jambi in Sumatra. Among them was an old woman, Tok Masuka from Daik, who raised a Temusai child named Nakhoda Kassim.<ref name="background of the Sultanate of Perak"/> Before her death, she called on the ancestors of Sang Sapurba to take her place, to prevent the royal lineage from disappearing from the Malay Peninsula. Tun Saban and Nakhoda Kassim then travelled to Kampar, where Mahmud Shah agreed to their request and named his son the first Sultan of Perak.<ref name="background of the Sultanate of Perak"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Perak's administration became more organised after the sultanate was established and adopted Malacca's form of elective monarchy.<ref name="varous theories"/> With the opening up of Perak in the 16th century, the state became a source of tin ore. It appears that anyone was free to trade in the commodity, although the tin trade did not attract significant attention until the 1610s.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Throughout the 1570s, the Sultanate of Aceh subjected most parts of the Malay Peninsula to continual harassment.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/><ref name="Andaya1982">Template:Cite book</ref> The sudden disappearance of Perak's Sultan Mansur Shah I in 1577 gave rise to rumours of abduction by Acehnese forces.<ref name="Andaya1982"/> Soon afterwards, the late sultan's widow and his 16 children were taken as captives to Sumatra.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/><ref name="Andaya1982"/> Sultan Mansur Shah I's eldest son, Raja Alauddin Mansur Syah, married an Acehnese princess and subsequently became the Sultan of Aceh. The Sultanate of Perak was left without a ruling monarch, and Perak nobles went to Aceh in the same year to ask the new Sultan Alauddin for a successor.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/> The ruler sent his younger brother to become Perak's third monarch. Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Shah ruled Perak for seven years, maintaining the unbroken lineage of the Malacca dynasty.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/> Although Perak did fall under the authority of the Acehnese Sultanate, it remained entirely independent of Siamese control for over two hundred years from 1612,<ref name="Andaya1982"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in contrast with its neighbour, Kedah, and many of the Malay sultanates in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, which became tributary states of Siam.<ref name="Blagden1925">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Stearn2019">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1620, the Acehnese sultanate invaded Perak and captured its sultan.
When Sultan Sallehuddin Riayat Shah died without an heir in 1635, a state of uncertainty prevailed in Perak. This was exacerbated by a deadly cholera epidemic that swept through the state, killing many royal family members.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/> Perak chieftains were left with no alternative but to turn to Aceh's sultan Iskandar Thani, who sent his relative, Raja Sulong, to become the new Sultan of Perak as Muzaffar Shah II.
Aceh's influence on Perak began to wane when the Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived, in the mid-17th century.<ref name="Andaya1982"/> When Perak refused to enter into a contract with the VOC as its northern neighbours had done, a blockade of the Perak River was ordered that halted the tin trade, causing suffering among Aceh's merchants.<ref name="Prakash1998">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1650, Aceh's sultana Taj ul-Alam ordered Perak to sign an agreement with the VOC, on the condition that the tin trade would be conducted exclusively with Aceh's merchants.<ref name="US commercial relations"/><ref name="Prakash1998"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By the following year, the VOC had secured a monopoly over the tin trade, setting up a store in Perak.<ref name="Pangkor Island Dutch Fort"/> Following long competition between Aceh and the VOC over Perak's tin trade,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> on 15 December 1653, the two parties jointly signed a treaty with Perak granting the Dutch exclusive rights to tin extracted from mines located in the state.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A fort was built on Pangkor Island in 1670 to act as a warehouse to store tin ore mined in Perak even though Perak nobles had destroyed an earlier store structure, on orders from the Dutch base in Batavia.<ref name="Pangkor Island Dutch Fort"/> This warehouse was also destroyed in further attacks in 1690, but was repaired when the Dutch returned with reinforcements.<ref name="Pangkor Island Dutch Fort"/> In 1699, when the regionally dominant Sultanate of Johor lost its last Malaccan dynasty sultan, Sultan Mahmud Shah II, Perak now had the sole claim of being the final heir of the Sultanate of Malacca. However, Perak could not match the prestige and power of either the Malacca or Johor Sultanates.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
The early 18th century started with 40 years of civil war where rival princes were bolstered by local chiefs, the Bugis and Minang, fighting for a share of the tin revenue. The Bugis and several Perak chiefs were successful in ousting the Perak ruler, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III in 1743.<ref name=":0" /> In 1747, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III, now only holding power in the area of Upper Perak, signed a treaty with Dutch Commissioner Ary Verbrugge under which Perak's ruler recognised the Dutch monopoly over the tin trade, agreed to sell all tin ore to Dutch traders, and allowed the Dutch to build a new warehouse fort on the Perak River estuary.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With construction of the new warehouse near the Perak River (also known as Sungai Perak), the old warehouse was abandoned permanently and left in ruins.<ref name="Pangkor Island Dutch Fort" />
The mid-18th century saw Sultan Muzaffar ruling inland Perak while the coastal region was ruled by Raja Iskandar, animosity grew between the two as Raja Iskandar was unable to reach the tin-bearing highlands while the Sultan had restricted access to the strait. Reconciliation occurred later with Iskandar's marriage to the Sultan's daughter. HisTemplate:Whose accession in 1752 saw unprecedented peace in Perak, especially due to an alliance (which lasted until 1795) with the Dutch to protect Perak against external attacks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
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When repeated Burmese invasions resulted in the destruction and defeat of the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1767 by the Burmese Konbaung dynasty, neighbouring Malay tributary states began to assert their independence from Siam.<ref name="Schliesinger2017">Template:Cite book</ref> To further develop Perak's tin mines, the Dutch administration suggested that its 17th sultan, Alauddin Mansur Shah Iskandar Muda, should allow Chinese miners into Perak. The sultan himself encouraged the scheme in 1776, requesting that additional Chinese workers be sent from Dutch Malacca.<ref name="KhooLubis2005">Template:Cite book</ref> The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1780 adversely affected the tin trade in Perak, and many Chinese miners left.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In a move which angered the Siamese court, neighbouring Kedah's Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah then entered into an agreement with the British East India Company (EIC), ceding Penang Island to the British in 1786 in exchange for protection.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:* Template:Cite book
Template:* Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Wheeler2019">Template:Cite book</ref>
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Siam regained strength under the Thonburi Kingdom, led by Taksin, after freeing itself from Burmese occupation. After repelling another large-scale Burmese invasion, the Rattanakosin Kingdom (Chakri dynasty) led by Rama I, as the successor of the Thonburi Kingdom, turned its attention to its insubordinate southern Malay subjects, fearing renewed attacks from Burma along the western seaboard of the Malay Peninsula.<ref name="Blagden1925" /><ref name="Kedah-Siam relations">Template:Cite journal</ref> Attention to the south was also needed because of disunity and rivalries among the various southern tributary sultanates, stemming from personal conflicts and a reluctance to submit to Siamese authority.<ref name="Kedah-Siam relations" /> One example of this resistance was the Sultanate of Pattani under Sultan Muhammad, who refused to aid Siam during the Siamese war of liberation. This led Rama I's younger brother, Prince Surasi, to attack Pattani in 1786. Many Malays were killed, and survivors were taken to the Siamese stronghold in Bangkok as slaves.<ref name="Stearn2019" /><ref name="Schliesinger2017" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Siam's subjugation of Pattani served as a warning to the other Malay tributary states, particularly Kedah, they too having been forced to provide thousands of men, and food supplies, throughout the Siamese resistance campaign against the Burmese.<ref name="Stearn2019" /><ref name="Kedah-Siam encounter">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1795, the Dutch temporarily withdrew from Malacca for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. Malacca's authority was transferred to the British Resident.<ref name="US commercial relations" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When war ended, the Dutch returned to administer Malacca in 1818.<ref name="CasparisGraaf1900">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1818, the Dutch monopoly over the tin trade in Perak was renewed, with the signing of a new recognition treaty.<ref name="Perak and Selangor treaty">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the same year as when Perak refused to send a bunga mas tribute to the Siamese court, the king Rama II of Siam had Kedah attack Perak. The Sultanate of Kedah knew the intention behind the order was to weaken ties between fellow Malay states,<ref name="Kedah-Siam encounter" /><ref name="BegbieBanerjee1834">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hall1981">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref> but complied, unable to resist Siam's further territorial expansion into inland Hulu Perak. Siam's tributary Malay state, the Kingdom of Reman, then illegally operated tin mines in Klian Intan, angering the Sultan of Perak and provoking a dispute that escalated into civil war. Reman, aided by Siam, succeeded in controlling several inland districts.<ref name="Reman occupied districts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1821, Siam invaded and conquered the Sultanate of Kedah, angered by a breach of trust.<ref name="Kedah-Siam relations" /><ref name="Kedah-Siam encounter" /><ref name="Kershaw2002">Template:Cite book</ref> The exiled Sultan of Kedah turned to the British to help him regain his throne, despite Britain's policy of non-engagement in expensive minor wars in the Malay Peninsula at the time, which the EIC upheld through the Governor-General of India.<ref name="Stearn2019" /><ref name="Hall1981" /> Siam's subsequent plan to extend its conquests to the southern territory of Perak<ref name="Andaya1982" /><ref name="CasparisGraaf1900" /><ref name="Hall1981" /> failed after Perak defeated the Siamese forces with the aid of mixed Bugis and Malay reinforcements from the Sultanate of Selangor.<ref name="Andaya1982" /><ref name="Stearn2019" /><ref name="BegbieBanerjee1834" /><ref name="Kershaw2002" /> As an expression of gratitude to Selangor for assisting it to defeat Siam, Perak authorised Raja Hasan of Selangor to collect taxes and revenue in its territory. This power, however, was soon misused, causing conflict between the two sultanates.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
British protectorateEdit
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When the EIC established a British presence in Penang, the British already had a trading post in Singapore, avoiding involvement in the affairs of the nearby Malay sultanates.<ref name="Mackay2005">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1822, the British authority in India sent British diplomat John Crawfurd to Siam to negotiate trade concessions and gather information with a view to restoring the Sultan of Kedah to the throne. The mission failed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1823, the Sultanates of Perak and Selangor signed a joint agreement to block the Dutch tin monopoly in their territories.<ref name="Perak and Selangor treaty" /> EIC policy shifted with the First Anglo-Burmese War in 1824 with Siam becoming an important ally.<ref name="Hall1981" />
Through its governor, Robert Fullerton, Penang tried to convince the main EIC authority in India to continue helping the Sultan of Kedah to regain his throne.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Throughout 1824, Siam aimed to expand its control towards Perak and Selangor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The dispute between the British and Dutch formally ceased when Dutch Malacca in the Malay Peninsula was exchanged with British Bencoolen in Sumatra, both parties agreeing to limit their sphere of influence through the signing of the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In July 1825, an initial negotiation was held between Siam, represented by their tributary state the Kingdom of Ligor, and the EIC.<ref name="British-Siam negotiation">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The King of Ligor promised that Siam would not send its armada to Perak and Selangor, resolving the issue of its attacks. The British renounced any aspiration of conquering Perak or interfering in its administration, promising to prevent Raja Hasan of Selangor from making trouble in Perak, and to try to reconcile the differences between Selangor and Ligor.<ref name="British-Siam negotiation" /> A month later, in August 1825, Sultan of Selangor Ibrahim Shah signed a friendship and peace treaty with the EIC, represented by John Anderson, ending the long feud between the governments of Selangor and Perak.<ref name="English peace and friendship treaty">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Under the treaty, Selangor gave assurances to the British that it would not interfere in the affairs of Perak; the border between Perak and Selangor was finalised; and Raja Hasan of Selangor was to be immediately exiled from Perak, paving the way for peace between the two Malay states and the resolution of the power struggle between the British and Siam.<ref name="English peace and friendship treaty" />
In 1826, the Kingdom of Ligor broke its promise and attempted to conquer Perak. A small British expeditionary force thwarted the attack. The Sultan of Perak then ceded to the British Dindings and Pangkor (the two now constitute Manjung District) so that the British could suppress pirate activity along the Perak coast where it became part of the Straits Settlements.<ref name="Wheeler2019" /> The same year, the British and Siam concluded the Burney Treaty, signed by British Captain Henry Burney and the Siamese government, the British agreed not to intercede in the affairs of Kedah despite their friendly relations with Kedah's ruler, and the Siamese agreed not to attack Perak or Selangor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The discovery of tin in Larut and rapid growth of the tin ore trade in the 19th century saw an increasing influx of Chinese labour. Later, rivalry developed between two Chinese secret societies. This, coupled with internal political strife between two factions of Perak's local Malay rulers, escalated into the Larut Wars in 1841.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After 21 years of wars, neighbouring Kedah freed itself from full Siamese rule in 1843, although it remained a Siamese tributary state until 1909.<ref name="Wheeler2019" /><ref name="BegbieBanerjee1834" /> By 1867, the link between the Straits Settlements on the Malay coast and the British authority in India was broken, with separate administration and the transfer of the respective territories to the Colonial Office.<ref name="Mackay2005" /> The Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–1871 enabled the Dutch to consolidate control over Aceh in Sumatra. This later escalated into the Aceh War.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Internal conflicts ensued in Perak. In 1873, the ruler of one of Perak's two local Malay factions, Raja Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, wrote to the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Andrew Clarke, requesting British assistance.<ref name="1874 Pangkor Treaty" /> This resulted in the Treaty of Pangkor, signed on Pangkor Island on 20 January 1874, under which the British recognised Abdullah as the legitimate Sultan of Perak.<ref name="signing of 1874 Pangkor Treaty" /> In return, the treaty provided for direct British intervention through the appointment of a Resident who would advise the sultan on all matters except religion and customs, and oversee revenue collection and general administration, including maintenance of peace and order.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Britain's first priority in the region was preventing the internecine warfare among the Chinese at Larut which had been disrupting trade, and in bringing about an end to the piracy plaguing the region.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>
The treaty marked the introduction of a British residential system, with Perak going on to become part of the Federated Malay States (FMS) in 1895. It was also a shift from the previous British policy of non-intervention in Perak's affairs.<ref name="Wheeler2019" /><ref name="1874 Pangkor Treaty" /><ref name="signing of 1874 Pangkor Treaty" /><ref name="1912 Perak details" /> James W. W. Birch was appointed as Perak's first British Resident, and Captain Speedy, already stationed at Larut with a number of Sepoys, was appointed Assistant Resident.<ref name=":1" /> However, Birch's inability to understand and communicate well with the locals, ignorance of Malay customs, and disparagement of the efforts of the sultan and his dignitaries to implement British tax control and collection systems caused resentment. This was also not helped by a lack of a coherent British policy for the area, and poor understanding from the Sultanate as to the implications of a British Resident.<ref name=":1" /> As a result, local nationalist Maharaja Lela and the new monarch, Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, opposed him, and the following year, in 1875, Birch was assassinated through a conspiracy of local Malay dignitaries Seputum, Pandak Indut, Che Gondah, and Ngah Ahmad.<ref name="US commercial relations" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The assassination angered the British authority, and following anti-British uprisings in several areas, a major military campaign was fought by the British in Perak in 1875-76. The perpetrators were arrested and executed and the sultan and his chiefs, also suspected of involvement in the plot, were banished to the British Seychelles in the Indian Ocean in 1876.<ref name="Scarr2000">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="innocent Sultan of Perak">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The swiftness of the campaign would also act as a wake-up call to the chiefs that, unlike their other rivals, the British thoroughly intended to make their mark on the country, and had the power to enforce it.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>
During his exile, the Sultan had the use of a government-owned residence at Union Vale in Victoria, Mahé. The other exiled chiefs were given allowances but remained under strict surveillance. The sultan and his chiefs were temporarily relocated to Félicité Island for five years, before being allowed to return to Victoria in 1882 when the turmoil in Perak had subsided. The sultan led a quiet life in the Seychellois community, and had communications access to Government House.<ref name="correspondence">Template:Cite journal</ref> After many years, the Sultan was pardoned following petitioning by the Seychellois and correspondence between W. H. Hawley of Government House, Mauritius, and Secretary of State for the Colonies Henry Holland. He was allowed to return to the Malay Peninsula, and spent most of his later life in Singapore and Penang before returning to Kuala Kangsar in Perak in 1922.<ref name="correspondence" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Being the only candidate to the Sultanate who could be confidently ascertained to be innocent of the plot, Abdullah's brother Yusuf was dully appointed Sultan, albeit one that would be considered far more of a British puppet than before. Despite this, the Malay population seemed largely to welcome the British as a source of stability compared to the often feuding chiefs.<ref name=":2" /> Initially, the now vacant role of British Resident was taken over by James Guthrie Davidson, a previous resident of Selangor. However, the low pay and insecure position resulted in him disengaging from the role and leaving after only one year in office. Needing someone both local and skilled enough to handle the complicated circumstances of Perak, the Governor would subsequently appoint the more experienced Hugh Low, who had spent much of the past twenty-eight years in nearby Labuan, and who was considered a safe pair of hands by both London and the Governor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
British Resident in Perak Hugh Low proved an effective administrator, preferring to adopt a generous approach that avoided confrontation with local leaders. As a result, he was able to secure the co-operation of many rajas and village penghulu with his policy rather than resorting to force, despite giving transport infrastructure little attention during his term.<ref name="US commercial relations" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Martin2004">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1882, Frank Swettenham succeeded Low for a second term as the Resident of Perak. During his mandate, Perak's rail and road infrastructure was put in place. Increasing numbers of labourers were brought from India, primarily to work as railway and municipal coolies.<ref name="KhooLubis2005" /><ref name="Martin2004" />
The British introduced several changes to the local political structure, exerting influence on the appointment of the sultan and restricting the power of his chiefs to Malay local matters. The sultan and his chiefs were no longer entitled to collect taxes but received a monthly allowance from the state treasury in compensation.<ref name="transformation of Perak's political and economic structure">Template:Cite journal</ref> British intervention marked the beginning of Perak's transition from a primarily Malay society to a multi-ethnic one. The new style of government worked to promote a market-driven economy, maintain law and order, and combat slavery, seen by the British as an obstacle to economic development and incompatible with a capitalist economy.<ref name="transformation of Perak's political and economic structure" />
Under the Anglo-Siamese Treaty, signed in Bangkok in 1909, Siam ceded its northern Malay tributary states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu and nearby islands to Great Britain. Exceptions were the Patani region, which remained under Siamese rule, and Perak, which regained the previously lost inland territory that became the Hulu Perak District.<ref name="Reman occupied districts" /><ref name="British aid resulted to the regain of Hulu Perak" /> The treaty terms stipulated that the British, through their government of the FMS, would assume responsibility for all debts owed to Siam by the four ceded Malay states, and relinquish British extraterritorial rights in Siam.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Second World WarEdit
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There had been a Japanese community in Perak since 1893, managing the bus service between the town of Ipoh and Batu Gajah, and running brothels in Kinta.<ref name="KhooLubis2005" /> There were a number of other Japanese-run businesses in Ipoh, including dentists, photo studios, laundries, tailors, barbers, and hotels. Activity increased as a result of the close relationship created by the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.<ref name="KhooLubis2005" />
Early in July 1941, a Ceylonese Malay policeman serving under the British administration in Perak raised an alert after a Japanese business owner living in the same building told him that Japanese troops were on their way, approaching not around Singapore from the sea, as expected by the British, but from Kota Bharu in Kelantan, with bicycle infantry and rubber boats.<ref name="KhooLubis2005" /> The policeman informed the British Chief Police Officer in Ipoh, but his claim was laughed off.<ref name="KhooLubis2005" /> By 26 December 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) had arrived in Ipoh, the capital, moving southwards from Thailand. The following day they went on to Taiping, leaving destruction and heavy casualties in their wake.<ref name="Kennedy1987">Template:Cite book</ref> The British forces, retreating from the north of the Malay Peninsula under Lieutenant-General Lewis Heath, had moved a further Template:Convert to the Perak River (Sungai Perak), damaging the route behind them to slow the Japanese advance.<ref name="Kennedy1987" /> With the approval of Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival, the British mounted a defensive stand near the river mouth and in Kampar, leaving the towns of Ipoh, Kuala Kangsar and Taiping unguarded.<ref name="Kennedy1987" />
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Most civil administrations were closed down, since the European administrators and civilians evacuated south.<ref name="Kennedy1987" /> By mid-December, the Japanese had reached Kroh in the interior of Perak, moving in from Kota Bharu in Kelantan. The Japanese arrived both from the east and by boat along the western coast.<ref name="Kennedy1987" /> Within 16 days of their first landings, they had captured the entire northern part of the Malay Peninsula. The British were left trying to blockade the main road heading south from Ipoh. While the defending troops briefly slowed the Japanese at the Battle of Kampar and at the mouth of the Perak River, the Japanese advance along the trunk road, followed up with bombing and water-borne incursions, forced the British to retreat further south.<ref name="Kennedy1987" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Japanese occupied all of Malaya and Singapore. Tokugawa Yoshichika, of the Tokugawa clan whose ancestors were Shoguns who ruled Japan from the 16th to 19th centuries, proposed a plan for reform. Under its terms, Johor, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang, and Perlis would be restored and federated. Johor would control Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Malacca. An Template:Convert area in southern Johor would be incorporated into Singapore for defence purposes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the context of the military alliance between Japan and Thailand and their joint participation in the Burma campaign against the Allied forces, in 1943 the Empire of Japan gave Thailand back its former Malay tributary states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu, which had been ceded to the British under the 1909 treaty. These territories were then administered as Thailand's Four Malay States (Template:Langx), with Japanese troops maintaining a presence.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Kratoska1998">Template:Cite book</ref> Perak suffered under harsh military control, restricted movement, and tight surveillance throughout the Japanese occupation until 1945.<ref name="Perak brief history" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The press in occupied Malaya, including the English-language occupation-era newspaper The Perak Times, was entirely under the control of the Dōmei News Agency (Dōmei Tsushin), publishing Japanese-related war propaganda. The Dōmei News Agency also printed newspapers in Malay, Tamil, Chinese, and Japanese.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The indigenous Orang Asli stayed in the interior during the occupation. Much of their community was befriended by Malayan Communist Party guerrillas, who protected them from outsiders in return for information on the Japanese and their food supplies.<ref name="Duncan2008">Template:Cite book</ref> Strong resistance came mainly from the ethnic Chinese community, while some Malays collaborated with the Japanese through the Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM) movement for Malayan independence. But Malay support waned with increasingly harsh Japanese treatment of civilians during the occupation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Two Chinese guerrilla organisations operated within Perak in northern Malaya. One, the Overseas Chinese Anti-Japanese Army (OCAJA), was aligned with the Kuomintang. The other, the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), was closely associated with the Chinese Communist Party. Although both opposed the Japanese, there were clashes between the two groups.<ref name="Kratoska2018">Template:Cite book</ref>
Sybil Kathigasu, a Eurasian nurse and member of the Perak resistance, was tortured after the Japanese Kempeitai military police discovered a clandestine shortwave radio set in her home.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> John Davis, an officer of the British commando Force 136, part of the Special Operations Executive (SOE), trained local guerrillas prior to the Japanese invasion at the 101 Special Training School in Singapore, where he sought Chinese recruits for their commando teams.<ref name="Operation Gustavus in Malaya">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Under the codename Operation Gustavus, Davis and five Chinese agents landed on the Perak coast north of Pangkor Island on 24 May 1943. They established a base camp in the Segari Hills, from which they moved to the plains to set up an intelligence network in the state.<ref name="Operation Gustavus in Malaya" /> In September 1943, they met and agreed to co-operate with the MPAJA, which then provided Force 136 with support and manpower. This first intelligence network collapsed, when many of its leaders, including Lim Bo Seng, were caught, tortured and killed by the Kempeitai in June 1944.<ref name="Operation Gustavus in Malaya" /> On 16 December 1944, a second intelligence network, comprising five Malay SOE agents and two British liaison officers, Major Peter G. Dobree and Captain Clifford, was parachuted into Padang Cermin, near Temenggor Lake Dam in Hulu Perak under the codename Operation Hebrides. Its main objective was to set up wireless communications between Malaya and Force 136 headquarters in Kandy, British Ceylon, after the MPAJA's failure to do so.<ref name="Kratoska1998" />
Post-war and independenceEdit
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The Malay states became unstable following Japan's surrender to the Allies in 1945. This was exacerbated by the emergence of nationalism and a popular demand for independence as the British Military Administration took over from 1945 to 1946 to maintain peace and order, before the British began introducing new administrative systems under the Malayan Union.<ref name="Perak brief history" /> The four Malay states held by Thailand during the war were returned to the British. This was done under a proposal by the United States, offering Thailand admission to the United Nations (UN) and a substantial American aid package to support its economy after the war.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The MPAJA, under the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), had fought alongside the British against the Japanese, and most of its members received awards at the end of the war. However, party policy become radicalised under the authority of Perak-born Chin Peng, who took over the CPM administration after former leader Lai Teck disappeared with party funds.<ref name="Kantowicz2000">Template:Cite book</ref>
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Under Chin's authority, the MPAJA killed those they considered to have been Japanese collaborators during the war, who were mainly Malays. This sparked racial conflict and Malay retaliation. Death squads were also dispatched by the CPM to murder European plantation owners in Perak, and Kuomintang leaders in Johor. The Malayan government's subsequent declaration of a state of emergency on 18 June 1948 marked the start of the Malayan Emergency.<ref name="Kantowicz2000"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Perak and Johor became the main strongholds of the communist movement, the former through native-born figureheads like Abdullah CD and Rashid Maidin.<ref name=radhub>Template:Cite news</ref> In the early stages their actions were not co-ordinated, and the security forces were able to counter them.<ref name="Malayan Communist Insurgency">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Earlier in 1947, the head of the Perak's Criminal Investigation Department, H. J. Barnard, negotiated an arrangement with the Kuomintang-influenced OCAJA leader Leong Yew Koh. This resulted in most OCAJA members being absorbed into the national Special Constabulary, and fighting against the MPAJA's successor, the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA).<ref name="Kratoska2018"/>
The Kinta Valley, one of the richest tin mining areas in Malaya, accounted for most of the country's tin exports to the United States. On 1 May 1952, the Perak Chinese Tin Mining Association established the Kinta Valley Home Guard (KVHG) to protect it from the communists. Often described as a private Chinese Army, most of the KVHG's Chinese members had links to the Kuomintang.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Many of the Kuomintang guerrillas were absorbed from the Lenggong area, where there were also members of Chinese secret societies whose main purpose was to defend Chinese private property against the communists.<ref name="KhooLubis2005"/> Throughout the first emergency the British authorities and their Malayan collaborators fought against the communists. This continued even after the proclamation of the independence of the Federation of Malaya, on 31 August 1957. As a result, most of the communist guerrillas were successfully pushed across the northern border into Thailand.<ref name="Malayan Communist Insurgency"/> Other radical left nationalist movements started in Perak like those under Ahmad Boestamam and Burhanuddin al-Helmy; but were eventually overwhelmed by the United Malays National Organisation's local mobilisation in the same decade.<ref name=radhub/>
MalaysiaEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman, sought to unite Malaya with the British colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Federation of Malaysia came into being on 16 September 1963, despite growing opposition from the governments of Indonesia and the Philippines, and from communist sympathisers and nationalists in Borneo.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Indonesian government later initiated a "policy of confrontation" against the new state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This prompted the British, and their allies Australia and New Zealand, to deploy armed forces, although no skirmishes arising from the Indonesian attacks occurred around Perak.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A second communist insurgency began in the Malay Peninsula in 1968. This affected Perak mainly through attacks from Hulu Perak by the communist insurgents who had previously retreated to the Thai border.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Perak State Information Office launched two types of psychological warfare to counter the increasing communist propaganda disseminated from the insurgents' hide-out. The campaign against the second insurgency was carried out as two separate efforts, because communist activities in Perak were split into two factions. One faction involved infiltrators from across the Thai border; the other was a communist group living among local inhabitants.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
With the end of British rule in Malaya and the subsequent formation of the Federation of Malaysia, new factories were built and many new suburbs developed in Perak. But there was also rising radicalism among local Malay Muslims, with increasing Islamisation initiated by several religious organisations, and by Islamic preachers and intellectuals who caught the interest of both Malay royalty and commoners.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Good relations with the country's rulers resulted in Islamic scholars being appointed as palace officers and dignitaries, teachers, and religious judges, contributing to the further spread of Islam. Islam is now seen as a major factor that shaped current attitudes towards standing up for Malay rights.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
GeographyEdit
Perak has a total land area of Template:Convert, and is situated in the west of the Malay Peninsula on the coast of the Strait of Malacca.<ref name="statistics" /> Its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends into the Strait.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is the second largest Malaysian state on the Malay Peninsula, and the fourth largest in Malaysia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The state has Template:Convert of coastline, of which Template:Convert are affected by coastal erosion.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Mangrove forests grow along most of Perak's coast, with the exception of Pangkor Island, with its rich flora and fauna, where several of the country's forest reserves are located.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
There is extensive swampland along the coastal alluvial zones of the west coast between central Perak and southern Selangor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Perak has an overall total forest cover of Template:Convert, including Template:Convert of forest lands, Template:Convert of mangroves, and another Template:Convert of forest plantations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A total of Template:Convert of forest has been gazetted by the state government as forest reserve, scattered across 68 areas throughout the state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Perak's geology is characterised by eruptive masses, which form its hills and mountain ranges. The state is divided by three mountain chains into the three plains of Kinta, Larut and Perak, running parallel to the coast.<ref name="(U.S.)1895">Template:Cite book</ref> The Titiwangsa Range passes along the eastern borders of Perak, with its highest point, the Template:Convert Mount Korbu, is located in the district of Kinta near the border with the state of Kelantan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other mountain ranges in Perak are the Bintang Mountains and the Keledang Range. Alluvium covers much of the plains, with detached masses of sedimentary rock appearing at rare intervals.<ref name="(U.S.)1895"/>
An extensive network of rivers originates from the inland mountain ranges and hills.<ref name="US commercial relations"/> Perak's borders with the states of Kedah, Penang and Selangor are marked by rivers, including the Bernam and Kerian Rivers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Perak has 11 major river basins of more than Template:Convert. Of these, the Perak River basin is the largest, with an area of Template:Convert, about 70% of the total area of the state. It is the second largest river basin on the Malay Peninsula, after the Pahang River basin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Perak River is the longest river in the state, at some Template:Convert, and is the Malay Peninsula's second longest after the Pahang River. It originates in the mountains of the Perak-Kelantan-Yala border, snaking down to the Strait of Malacca.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other major rivers include the Beruas, Jarum Mas, Kurau, Larut, Manjung, Sangga Besar, Temerloh, and Tiram Rivers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Perak is located in a tropical region with a typically hot, humid and wet equatorial climate, and experiences significant rainfall throughout the year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref> The temperature remains fairly constant, between Template:Convert. Humidity is often above 80%.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Annual rainfall is about Template:Convert, with the central area of the state receiving an average of Template:Convert of rain.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The state experiences two monsoon seasons: the northeast and southwest seasons. The northeast season occurs from November to March, the southwest from May to September, and the transitional months for the monsoon seasons are April and June. The northeast monsoon brings heavy rains, especially in the upper areas of Hulu Perak, causing floods.<ref>Template:Cite journal
Template:* Template:Cite journal
Template:* {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}
Template:* Template:Cite journal</ref> Little effect of the southwest monsoon is felt in the Kinta Valley, although coastal areas of southern Perak occasionally experience thunderstorms, heavy rain and strong, gusting winds in the predawn and early morning.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Landscapes of Perak
- Mount Korbu.jpg
Mount Korbu with surrounding vegetation
- Mirror Lake in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.jpg
Mirror Lake in Ipoh
- Forest Brook in Tapah Hills, Perak, Malaysia.jpg
Forest Brook in Tapah Hills
- Twilight in Lumut Beach, Perak, Malaysia.jpg
Twilight in Lumut Beach
BiodiversityEdit
The jungles of Perak are highly biodiverse. The state's main natural park, Royal Belum State Park, covers an area of Template:Convert in northern Perak. It contains 18 species of frog and toad, 67 species of snake, more than 132 species of beetle, 28 species of cicada, 97 species of moth, and 41 species of dragonfly and damselfly.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The park was further gazetted as a National Heritage Site by the federal government in 2012, and was inscribed on the World Heritage Site tentative list of UNESCO in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Royal Belum State Park also hosts an estimated 304 bird species, including migratory species, in addition to birds endemic to the three forest reserve areas of Pangkor Island.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Ten hornbill species are found within the area, including large flocks of the plain-pouched hornbill. Mammal species include the Seladang, Asian elephant, and Malayan tiger. The area is also notable for harbouring high concentrations of at least three Rafflesia species.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Pulau Sembilan (Nine Islands) State Park in western Perak covers an area of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its coral reefs are home to coral reef fish species.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition, 173 freshwater fish species have been identified as native to the state.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Another natural attraction, the tin-mining ponds in Kinta District, was gazetted as a state park in 2016. The Kinta Nature Park, Perak's third state park, covers an area of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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The government of Perak has stated its commitment to protecting its forests to ensure the survival of endangered wildlife species, and to protect biodiversity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Perak Forestry Department is the state body responsible for forest management and preservation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2013, the state planted some 10.9 million trees under the "26 Million Tree Planting Campaign: One Citizen One Tree", associated with global Earth Day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Widespread conversion and reclamation of mangroves and mudflats for economic and residential purposes has caused the rapid decline of shore birds, 86% of the reduction on the Malay Peninsula having occurred on Perak's coasts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Poaching in forest reserve areas has caused a stark decline in mammal populations. The Perak State Park Corporation estimates that there were only 23 Malayan tigers left within the state's two forest reserves of Royal Belum and Temenggor in 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The state government of Perak has also been blamed in part for destroying forest reserves for the lucrative wood and palm oil businesses. Records since 2009 reveal that more than Template:Convert of permanent forest reserves have been degazetted in the state, the latest occurring within the Bikam Permanent Forest Reserve in July 2013.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A number of business activities permitted by the state government have caused environmental damage, including to many of Perak's rivers, which require extensive water treatment because of severe pollution.<ref name="land-based pollution sources">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Between 1982 and 1994, the state government was embroiled in a radioactive environmental pollution controversy over the deaths of seven residents who suffered from birth defects and leukaemia resulting from exposure. The factory involved was only closed and cleaned up following lengthy court action by affected residents and increasing international pressure. No responsibility has been accepted by the associated companies, the state government, or the federal government.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although Perak has the highest number of mangrove reserves of the Malay Peninsula states, with 19 reserves in the mangroves of Matang,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> growing uncontrolled clearance of mangroves for aquaculture projects and residential areas is causing significant coastal erosion in addition to the damage resulting from climate change.<ref name="land-based pollution sources"/>
Government and politicsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also
| Perak State Assembly Composition | |||||
| Affiliation | Coalition/Party Leader | Status | Seats | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 election | Current | ||||
| Template:Color box Template:Color box |
Barisan Nasional Pakatan Harapan |
Saarani Mohammad | Government | 33 | 33 |
| Template:Color box | Perikatan Nasional | Razman Zakaria | Opposition | 26 | 26 |
| Total | 59 | 59 | |||
| Government majority | 7 | 7 | |||
Perak is a constitutional monarchy, with a ruler elected by an electoral college composed of the major chiefs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The sultan is the constitutional head of Perak. The current Sultan of Perak is Nazrin Shah, who acceded to the throne on 29 May 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The main royal palace is the Iskandariah Palace in Kuala Kangsar. Kinta Palace in Ipoh is used by the sultan as an occasional residence during official visits.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Palaces of Perak">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other palaces in Ipoh include the Al-Ridhuan Palace, Cempaka Sari Palace, and Firuz Palace.<ref name="Palaces of Perak"/>
The state government is headed by a Menteri Besar (Chief Minister), assisted by an 11-member Executive Council (Exco) selected from the members of the Perak State Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 59-seat Assembly is the legislative branch of Perak's government, responsible for making laws in matters regarding the state. It is based on the Westminster system. Members of the Assembly are elected by citizens every five years by universal suffrage. The Chief Minister is appointed on the basis of his or her ability to command a majority in the Assembly. The majority (33 seats) is currently held by Barisan Nasional (BN) and Pakatan Harapan (PH).
Prior to the major British overhaul of Perak's administration, slavery was widely practised along with a type of corvée labour system, called kerah. The chief of a given area could call on his citizens to work as forced labour without pay, although under normal circumstances food was still provided.<ref name="transformation of Perak's political and economic structure"/><ref name="transformation of Perak under the British">Template:Cite journal</ref> The system was created to ensure the maintenance of the ruling class. It was often described as onerous and demanding, as there were times when the call to duty, and its duration, interfered with citizens' individual work.<ref name="transformation of Perak under the British"/> The slaves were divided into two classes: debtor-bondsmen and ordinary slaves. The debtor-bondsmen had the higher status, being ranked as free men and acknowledged as members of their masters' society. In contrast, the ordinary slaves had no prospect of status redemption. As Islam does not allow enslavement of fellow Muslims, the ordinary slaves came mainly from non-Muslim groups, especially the Orang Asli, Batak, and Africans purchased by Malays on pilgrimage in Mecca.<ref name="Duncan2008"/><ref name="transformation of Perak under the British"/>
State administration issues and subsequent 2009 constitutional crisisEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The opposition Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalition won in Perak in the 2008 general election. Although the Democratic Action Party (DAP) had won the most seats of the opposition parties, Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) was appointed Menteri Besar of the state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This happened because the state constitution states that the Menteri Besar must be a Muslim, unless the sultan specially appoints a non-Muslim to the office.<ref name="BernauerBochsler2014">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As the DAP did not have any Muslim assemblymen in Perak at that time, the Menteri Besar had to come from one of its two allied parties, the People's Justice Party (PKR) or the PAS.<ref name="BernauerBochsler2014"/> However, the national ruling party, Barisan Nasional (BN), gained control over the state government administration when three PR assemblymen, Hee Yit Foong (Jelapang), Jamaluddin Mohd Radzi (Behrang), and Mohd Osman Mohd Jailu (Changkat Jering) defected to the BN as independent assemblymen during the crisis, on 3 February 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A statement from the office of the Sultan of Perak urged the PR Menteri Besar to resign, but also refused to dissolve the State Legislative Assembly, which would have triggered new elections.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Amid multiple protests, lawsuits and arrests, a new BN-led Assembly was sworn in on 7 May. The takeover was then ruled illegal by the High Court in Kuala Lumpur, on 11 May 2009, restoring power to the PR.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Ooi2010">Template:Cite book</ref> The following day, the Court of Appeal of Malaysia suspended the High Court ruling pending a new Court of Appeal judgement. On 22 May 2009, the Court of Appeal overturned the High Court's decision and returned power to the BN. Many opposition party supporters believed that the crisis was effectively a "power grab", in which the democratically elected government was ousted through the political machinations of the more dominant national ruling party.<ref name="Ooi2010"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
DepartmentsEdit
- Perak State Finance Office<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak Irrigation and Drainage Department<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak State Forestry Department<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak Social Welfare Department<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak Syariah Judiciary Department<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak Public Works Department<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak State Islamic Religious Affairs Department<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak Public Service Commission<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak State Agriculture Department<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Office of Lands and Mines Perak<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak State Mufti Office<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak Town and Country Planning Department<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Department of Veterinary Services of Perak<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Statutory bodiesEdit
- Perak Islamic Religious and Malay Customs Council<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Perak State Public Library Corporation<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Administrative divisionsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Perak is divided into 12 districts (daerah), 81 mukims, and 15 local governments.<ref name="UPI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are district officers for each district and a village chief (ketua kampung or penghulu) for each village in the district. Before the British arrived, Perak was run by a group of relatives and friends of the sultan who held rights to collect taxes and duties.<ref name="transformation of Perak's political and economic structure"/> The British developed a more organised administration following Perak's integration into the Federated Malay States (FMS). The FMS government created two institutions, the State Council and the Malay Administrative Service (MAS).<ref name="transformation of Perak's political and economic structure"/> The two institutions encouraged direct Malay participation and gave the former ruling class a place in the new administrative structure. Most of the sultan's district chiefs removed from authority at that time were given new positions in the State Council, although their influence was restricted to Malay social matters raised in council business. The sultan and the district chiefs were compensated for their loss of tax revenue with a monthly allowance from the state treasury.<ref name="transformation of Perak's political and economic structure"/>
The role of the local penghulus changed considerably when they were appointed no longer by the sultan but by the British Resident.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Colonial land policy introduced individual landholding, thereby making land a commodity, and the penghulu were then involved in matters relating to this property.<ref name="transformation of Perak's political and economic structure"/> The Perak State Council was established in 1875 to assist the British Resident in most administrative matters. It also brought together the Malay chiefs and Chinese leaders (Kapitan Cina) to deal with certain administrative issues relating to Perak's growing Malay and Chinese populations.<ref name="transformation of Perak's political and economic structure"/> The State Council also helped provide education and training to assist Malays in qualifying for government positions. When the post of the FMS Resident was abolished, other European-held administrative posts were gradually occupied by local appointees. As in the rest of Malaysia, local government comes under the purview of state government.<ref name="transformation of Perak's political and economic structure"/>
| Administrative divisions of Perak | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Perak Labelled Map | |||||||
| UPI code<ref name="UPI"/> | Districts | Population (2010 census)<ref name="total population"/> |
citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Seat | Mukims | |
| 0801 | Batang Padang | 123,600 | 1,794.18 | Tapah | 4 | ||
| 0802 | Manjung | 227,071 | 1,113.58 | Seri Manjung | 5 | ||
| 0803 | Kinta | 749,474 | 1,305 | Batu Gajah | 5 | ||
| 0804 | Kerian | 176,975 | 921.47 | Parit Buntar | 8 | ||
| 0805 | Kuala Kangsar | 155,592 | 2,563.61 | Kuala Kangsar | 9 | ||
| 0806 | Larut, Matang and Selama | 326,476 | 2,112.61 | Taiping | 14 | ||
| 0807 | Hilir Perak | 128,179 | 792.07 | Teluk Intan | 5 | ||
| 0808 | Hulu Perak | 89,926 | 6,560.43 | Gerik | 10 | ||
| 0809 | Selama | Template:N/A | Template:N/A | Template:N/A | 3 | ||
| 0810 | Perak Tengah | 99,854 | 1,279.46 | Seri Iskandar | 12 | ||
| 0811 | Kampar | 96,303 | 669.8 | Kampar | 2 | ||
| 0812 | Muallim | 69,639 | 934.35 | Tanjung Malim | 3 | ||
| 0813 | Bagan Datuk | 70,300 | 951.52 | Bagan Datuk | 4 | ||
| Note: Population data for Hilir Perak, Bagan Datuk, Batang Padang, and Muallim are based on district land office data. Selama is an autonomous sub-district (daerah kecil) under Larut, Matang and Selama.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> Most districts and sub-districts have a single local government, excepting Hulu Perak and Kinta, respectively divided into three (Gerik, Lenggong and Pengkalan Hulu), and two (Batu Gajah and Ipoh) local councils. Bagan Datuk remains under the jurisdiction of Teluk Intan council. | ||||||
On 26 November 2015, it was announced that the Batang Padang District sub-district of Tanjung Malim would become Perak's 11th district, to be called Muallim.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sultan Nazrin officiated at its formal creation on 11 January 2016.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 9 January 2017, the sultan proclaimed Bagan Datuk the 12th district of the state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The proclamation marked the start of transformation for the district, one of the biggest coconut producers in Malaysia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
EconomyEdit
From the 1980s on, Perak began an economic transition away from the primary sector, where for decades income was generated by the tin mining industry.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Early in 2006, the state government established the Perak Investment Management Centre (InvestPerak) to serve as the contact point for investors in the manufacturing and services sectors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The state's economy today relies mainly on the tertiary sector.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2017, the tourism industry contributed RM201.4 billion (14.9%) to the state gross domestic product (GDP).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Through the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (11MP), the state has set targets under its five-year 2016–2020 development plan, including economic development corridor targets for Southern Perak.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Perak has several development corridors, with a different focus for each district.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A 20-year masterplan was also formulated in 2017 to drive economic development in the state, with a development value of up to RM30 billion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the first quarter of 2018, the state received a total of RM249.8 million in investments. A year later, investments in the first quarter of 2019 had increased to RM1.43 billion. Perak ranks fifth after Penang, Kedah, Johor and Selangor in total value of investments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2018, investments of RM1.9 billion were planned for the implementation of a range of manufacturing projects and associated factory construction from 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since 2005, Perak has made efforts to remain the biggest agricultural producer in Malaysia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2008, the state sought to legalise the prawn-farming industry, mostly located in western Perak with some activity in Tanjung Tualang.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2016, some 17,589 young people in Perak were involved in implementing a range of state initiatives in Perak's agriculture sector.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2019, the Perak State Agriculture Development Corporation (SADC) launched the Perak AgroValley Project to increase the state's agricultural production. This initiative covers an area of Template:Convert in the Bukit Sapi Mukim Lenggong region.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Most of Perak's abandoned tin mine lakes provide suitable environments for the breeding of freshwater fish. 65% of abandoned mines have been used for fisheries production, with 30% of the fish exported to neighbouring Singapore and Indonesia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To further improve agricultural productivity and meet increasing demand, the state plans to expand the permanent cultivation of vegetables, flowers, coconut, palm oil, durian, and mango, in different areas throughout Perak.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The construction sector accounted for 5.6% of Perak's economic growth in 2015, dropping to 4.0% the following year. Development and housing projects represented the sector's major contribution to the state's economic growth.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TourismEdit
Template:See also Template:Multiple image The tertiary sector is Perak's main economic sector. In 2018, the state was the second most popular destination for domestic tourists in Malaysia, after the state of Pahang.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Perak's attractions include the royal town of Kuala Kangsar and its iconic buildings, such as the Iskandariah Palace, Pavilion Square Tower, Perak Royal Museum, Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery, and Ubudiah Mosque.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The British colonial legacy in Perak includes the Birch Memorial Clock Tower, Ipoh High Court, Ipoh railway station, Ipoh Town Hall and Old Post Office, Kellie's Castle, Majestic Station Hotel, Malay College Kuala Kangsar, Maxwell Hill (Bukit Larut), Perak State Museum,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Royal Ipoh Club, St. John Church, and Taiping Lake Gardens.<ref name="Ipoh architecture">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The historical events of the local Malay struggle are remembered in the Pasir Salak Historical Complex.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are also several historical ethnic Chinese landmarks, mainly in Ipoh, the capital. They include the Darul Ridzuan Museum building,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a former wealthy Chinese tin miner's mansion; Han Chin Pet Soo, a former club for Hakka miners and haven of shadowy activities;<ref name="Ipoh architecture"/> and the Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The state also contains a number of natural attractions, including bird sanctuaries, caves, forest reserves, islands, limestone cliffs, mountains, and white sandy beaches. Among the natural sites are Banding Island, Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kek Lok Tong Cave Temple and Zen Gardens,<ref name="Ipoh nature attractions">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kinta Nature Park,<ref name="Ipoh nature attractions"/> Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Mount Yong Belar,<ref name="Ipoh nature attractions"/> Pangkor Island,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tempurung Cave,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Ulu Kinta Forest Reserve.<ref name="Ipoh nature attractions"/> Recreational attractions include the Banjaran Hotsprings Retreat,<ref name="Perak recreational parks">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> D. R Seenivasagam Recreational Park,<ref name="Perak's garden city">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Gaharu Tea Valley Gopeng,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Go Chin Pomelo Nature Park,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Gunung Lang Recreational Park,<ref name="Ipoh nature attractions"/> Kinta Riverfront Walk,<ref name="Perak recreational parks"/> Kuala Woh Jungle Park,<ref name="Perak recreational parks"/> Lang Mountain,<ref name="Perak recreational parks"/> Lost World of Tambun,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> My Gopeng Resort,<ref name="Perak recreational parks"/> Perak Herbal Garden,<ref name="Perak recreational parks"/> Sultan Abdul Aziz Recreational Park, and Sungai Klah Hot Spring Park.<ref name="Perak's garden city"/>
InfrastructureEdit
Perak has a 2016–2020 state government development plan. A Development Fund amounting to RM397,438,000 was approved by the State Legislative Assembly in 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 2018 Budget allocated Perak a further RM1.176 billion, of which RM421.28 million was earmarked for development expenditure, and RM755.59 million for management costs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In addition to attracting investors, the state government is working to improve and build new infrastructure. The new government elected in 2018 announced its intention to continue development projects initiated by the previous government for all districts in Perak.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Energy and water resourcesEdit
Electricity distribution in Perak is operated and managed by the Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). The Temenggor Power Station in Gerik has a capacity of 348 MW, the largest of the many hydroelectric plants in the state. Built by the British, Chenderoh Power Station, the state's oldest hydroelectric dam power station, has a capacity of 40.5 MW.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Other hydroelectric power stations include the Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering Power Station (120 MW), Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia Hydroelectric Power Station (72 MW), Sungai Piah Lower Power Station (54 MW), and Sungai Piah Upper Power Station (14.6 MW).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The 4,100 MW Manjung Power Plant, also known as the Sultan Azlan Shah Power Station, is a coal-fired power station located on an artificial island off the Perak coast. It is owned and operated by TNB Janamanjung, a wholly owned subsidiary of the TNB. The plant is considered one of the biggest Independent Power Producer (IPP) projects in Asia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The GB3 combined cycle power plant in Lumut, operated by Malakoff, has a capacity of 640 MW.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The state's piped water supply is managed by the Perak Water Board (PWB), a corporate body established under the Perak Water Board Enactment in 1988. It serves over 2.5 million people and is among the biggest water operators on the Malay Peninsula, after Selangor and Johor. Before the PWB was established, water services were initially provided by the Perak Public Works Department, and subsequently by the Perak Water Supply Department.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The state's water supplies mainly come from its two major dams, the Air Kuning Dam in Taiping and the Sultan Azlan Shah Dam in Ipoh.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Telecommunications and broadcastingEdit
Telecommunications in Perak was originally administered by the Posts and Telecommunication Department and maintained by the British Cable & Wireless Communications, responsible for all telecommunication services in Malaya.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="telecom merged">Template:Cite news</ref> The first telegraph line, connecting the British Resident's Perak House in Kuala Kangsar to the house of the Deputy British Resident at Taiping, was laid by the Department of Posts and Telegraph in 1874.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Further lines were then built to link all of the key British economic areas of the time, and in particular the British Straits Settlements territory.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, in 1968 the telecommunications departments in Malaya and Borneo merged to form the Telecommunications Department Malaysia, which later became Telekom Malaysia (TM).<ref name="telecom merged"/> The state remains committed to full co-operation with the federal government to implement the latest telecommunications development projects in Perak.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Perak is set to become the first Malaysian state to introduce the National Fiberisation and Connectivity Plan (NFCP) for high-speed Internet in rural areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Television broadcasting in the state is divided into terrestrial and satellite television. There are two types of free-to-air television providers: MYTV Broadcasting (digital terrestrial) and Astro NJOI (satellite), while IPTV is accessed via Unifi TV through the UniFi fibre optic internet subscription service.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Malaysian federal government operates one state radio channel, Perak FM.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:AnchorTransportEdit
_03_(cropped).jpg){kind=link}
Malaysia's North–South Expressway connects Perak with the other west coast Malaysian states and federal territories. Perak has two categories of roads, as of 2016 totalling Template:Convert of federal roads, and Template:Convert of state roads.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A new highway, the West Coast Expressway, is being built to link the coastal areas of the state and reduce the growing traffic congestion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Perak has a dual carriageway road network and follows the left-hand traffic rule. Towns provide public transport, including buses, taxis, and Grab services. Under the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (11MP), around 23 infrastructure projects, worth RM4.7 billion, have been implemented. These include 11 road projects for the state, involving allocations of RM1.84 billion for upgrade and expansion works carried out by the Public Works Department (PWD).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ipoh railway station, on Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab in the state capital, is the oldest station of Perak's rail network. It was built by the British in 1917, and upgraded in 1936.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2019, an integrated development project was launched to upgrade the railway station and its surrounding areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Boat services provide the main transport access to Pangkor Island, in addition to air travel.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sultan Azlan Shah Airport is Perak's main international airport, acting as the main gateway to the state. Other public airports include Pangkor Airport and Sitiawan Airport, and there are private or restricted airfields such as Jendarata Airport and the military Taiping Airport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HealthcareEdit
Health services in Perak are administered by the Perak State Health Department (Template:Langx). The state's main government hospital is the 990-bed Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, previously known as the Ipoh Hospital, which also incorporates a women's and children's hospital.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other hospitals include four specialist hospitals: Taiping Hospital, Teluk Intan Hospital, Seri Manjung Hospital, and the minor speciality Slim River Hospital; nine district hospitals: Batu Gajah Hospital, Changkat Hospital, Gerik Hospital, Kampar Hospital, Kuala Kangsar Hospital, Parit Buntar Hospital, Selama Hospital, Sungai Siput Hospital, Tapah Hospital; and one psychiatric hospital: Bahagia Ulu Kinta Hospital.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other public health clinics, 1Malaysia clinics, and rural clinics are scattered throughout the state. There are a number of private hospitals, including the Anson Bay Medical Centre, Apollo Medical Centre, Ar-Ridzuan Medical Centre, Colombia Asia Hospital, Fatimah Hospital, Ipoh Pantai Hospital, Ipoh Specialist Centre, Kinta Medical Centre, Manjung Pantai Hospital, Perak Community Specialist Hospital, Sri Manjung Specialist Hospital, Taiping Medical Centre, and Ulu Bernam Jenderata Group Hospital.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2009, the state's doctor–patient ratio was 3 per 1,000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EducationEdit
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All primary and secondary schools are within the jurisdiction of the Perak State Education Department, under the guidance of the national Ministry of Education.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Among the oldest schools in Perak are the King Edward VII School (1883), the Anglo-Chinese School (1895), and St. Michael's Institution (1912).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of 2019, Perak had a total of 250 government secondary schools,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> six international schools (City Harbour International School,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Fairview International School Ipoh Campus,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Imperial International School Ipoh,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Seri Botani International School,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tenby Schools Ipoh,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Westlake International School),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and nine Chinese independent schools.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is one Japanese learning centre, located in the state capital, Ipoh.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sultan Idris Education University is the sole public university, and there are three private universities: the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Quest International University,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Universiti Teknologi Petronas, as well as the campus branch of the University of Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology (UniKL MIMET),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the University of Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other colleges include the Cosmopoint College, Maxwell College Ipoh, Olympia College Ipoh, Sunway College Ipoh, Syuen College, Taj College, Tunku Abdul Rahman College Perak Branch Campus, and WIT College Ipoh Branch. There are several polytechnics, including the Sultan Azlan Shah Polytechnic in Behrang, and Ungku Omar Polytechnic in Ipoh.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DemographyEdit
Ethnicity and immigrationEdit
Template:Historical populationsTemplate:VerificationTemplate:Bar box The 2015 Malaysian Census reported the population of Perak at 2,477,700, making it the fifth most populous state in Malaysia, with a non-citizen population of 74,200.<ref name="2015 population">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Of the Malaysian residents, 1,314,400 (53.0%) are Malay, 713,000 (28.0%) are Chinese, 293,300 (11.0%) are Indian, and another 72,300 (2.9%) identified as other bumiputera.<ref name="2015 population"/> In 2010, the population was estimated to be around 2,299,582, with 1,212,700 (52.0%) Malay, 675,517 (29.0%) Chinese, 274,631 (11.0%) Indian, and another 62,877 (2.7%) from other bumiputera.<ref name="total population"/> Once the most populous state during the British administration under the FMS, Perak has yet to recover from the decline of the tin-mining industry.<ref name="transformation of Perak under the British"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The associated economic downturn resulted in a massive manpower drain to higher-growth states such as Penang, Selangor, and Kuala Lumpur.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The current constitution defines Malays as someone who is Muslim and assimilated with Malay community Template:Citation needed Traditionally, the native Malays mostly live in Lenggong, Gerik, Kinta, Bota and Beruas while the Javanese mostly lived in Hilir Perak, comprising Bagan Datuk, Batak Rabit, Sungai Manik, Teluk Intan, and a few other places along the Perak shores. The Mandailing and Rawa people were mostly in Gopeng, Kampar, Tanjung Malim, and Kampung Mandailing at Gua Balak. These people had mostly come from neighbouring Selangor, escaping the Klang War.Template:Citation needed The Buginese are found in Kuala Kangsar, especially in Kota Lama Kiri and Sayong. The few Minangkabau people in the state lived among the other ethnic groups with no distinct villages or settlements of their own.Template:Citation needed As of 2015, there were some 3,200 Malaysian Siamese in Perak, a legacy of the Siamese presence in the northern Malay states.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> There is also a scattered Acehnese presence, dating back to the rule of the Sultanate of Aceh.Template:Citation needed
Perak's highest population density is mainly concentrated in the coastal and lowland areas. The Chinese and Indian population represents a higher percentage of the state's total population than in the neighbouring northern Malay states.<ref name="RumleyMinghi2014">Template:Cite book</ref> The presence of these groups was particularly significant after the British opened many tin mines and extensive rubber plantations in the mid-19th century. More than half of Perak's inhabitants in the 1930s were Chinese immigrants.<ref name="British in the Malay States">Template:Cite book</ref> Perak's Indian community is mostly of Tamil ethnicity, although it also includes other South Indian communities such as the Malayalees, principally in Sitiawan, Sungai Siput, Trolak and Kuala Kangsar; the Telugus, in Teluk Intan and Bagan Datuk; and the Sikhs, scattered in and around Perak, predominantly in Ipoh and Tanjung Tualang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Failed verification<ref name="Omar2015">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Failed verification
Population density is relatively low in much of Perak's interior, where the indigenous Orang Asli are scattered, including in the northernmost border district of Hulu Perak.<ref name="RumleyMinghi2014"/> The indigenous people originally inhabited most of Perak's coastal areas but were pushed deeper into the interior with the arrival of increasing numbers of Javanese, Banjar, Mandailing, Rawa, Batak, Kampar, Bugis and Minangkabau immigrants in the early 19th century. The Orang Asli oral traditions preserve stories of Rawa and Batak atrocities and enslavement of the aboriginal population.<ref name="Duncan2008"/>
ReligionEdit
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As in the rest of Malaysia, Islam is recognised as the state religion, although other religions may be freely practised.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to the 2010 Malaysian Census, Perak's population was 55.3% Muslim, 25.4% Buddhist, 10.9% Hindu, 4.3% Christian, 1.7% Taoist or followers of Chinese folk religion, 0.8% other religions or unknown, and 0.9% non-religious.<ref name="total religion"/> The census indicated that 83.7% of Perak's Chinese population identified as Buddhist, with significant minorities identifying as Christian (9.2%), Chinese folk religion adherents (5.8%), and Muslim (0.2%). The majority of the Indian population identified as Hindu (87.6%), with significant minorities identifying as Christian (6.01%), Muslim (2.67%), and Buddhist (1.0%). The non-Malay bumiputera community was predominantly irreligion (28.2%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslim (24.1%), and Christian (22.9%). Among the majority population, all Malay bumiputera identified as Muslim. Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia defines professing the Islamic faith as one of the criteria of being a Malay.<ref name="total religion"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
LanguagesEdit
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As a multi-ethnic state, Perak is also linguistically diverse. The main local variety of Malay spoken in the state is Perak Malay, which is characterised by its "e" (as in "red", Template:IPAblink) and its "r", like the French "r" (Template:IPAblink). It is commonly spoken in central Perak, more specifically in the districts of Kuala Kangsar and Perak Tengah.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Malay dialects of Perak">Template:Cite book</ref> Speakers of the northern Kedah Malay dialect are also found in the northern part of Perak, comprising Kerian, Pangkor Island, and Larut, Matang and Selama districts.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> In the northeastern part of Perak (Hulu Perak), and some parts of Selama and Kerian, the Malay people speak another distinct Malay language variant known as Reman Malay or locally known as Basa Ulu/Grik (named after Grik), which is most closely related to Kelantan-Pattani Malay in Kelantan and southern Thailand (Yawi) due to geographical proximity and historical assimilation.<ref name="Malay dialects of Perak"/> In the southern parts of Perak (Hilir Perak and Batang Padang), and also in the districts of Kampar and Kinta and several parts of Manjung, the dialect spoken is heavily influenced by the southern Malay dialects of the peninsula such as Selangor, Malacca, and Johore-Riau Malay. It is also influenced by several languages of the Indonesian archipelago: Javanese, Banjar, Rawa (a variety of Minangkabau), Batak (Mandailing), and Buginese, as a result of historical immigration, civil wars such as the Klang War, and other factors.<ref name="Malay dialects of Perak"/>
Among Perak's various Chinese ethnicities, Malaysian Cantonese has become the lingua franca, although a number of dialects are spoken including Cantonese, Hakka, Mandarin, Teochew, Hokkien, and Hokchiu.<ref name="Omar2015"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Tamil community mainly speaks a Malaysian dialect of the Tamil language; the Malayalees speak Malayalam; the Telugus speak the Telugu language; and the Sikhs speak Punjabi.<ref name="Omar2015"/> Over time, Tamil became a lingua franca among Perak's different Indian communities as Tamil-speaking people became the majority in several west coast Malaysian states with higher Indian populations.<ref name="British in the Malay States"/><ref name="Omar2015"/> A small number of Sinhala speakers also found in parts of the state capital, Ipoh.<ref name="Omar2015"/>
Several Orang Asli languages are spoken within the state, all belonging to the Aslian branch of the Austroasiatic languages. These languages are Lanoh, Temiar, Jahai, Kensiu, Kintaq, and Semai.Template:Citation needed
Members of the Siamese community mainly speak a Southern Thai variant, and are fluent in Malay, also having some knowledge of some of the Chinese dialects. With the multi-ethnic make-up of Perak's society, some people speak more than one language.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
CultureEdit
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Perak's multicultural society reflects the influences of different ethnicities throughout its history. Several Malay art forms, such as embroidery and performances like dabus, show apparent Arab cultural influence. The state's characteristic embroidery, tekat emas (gold embroidery), was once presented to royalty. Designs are based on floral, animal, and geometric motifs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dabus has existed for some 300 years, and is inseparable from a ritual involving incantation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was brought to Perak by traders from Sumatra, and practised by the Malay community in Lumut, Pasir Panjang Laut Village in Sitiawan, and Teluk Intan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The traditional Malay pottery handicraft called labu sayong is part of the art heritage of Kuala Kangsar. Its unique design is uninfluenced by foreign techniques.<ref name="Kuala Kangsar pottery"/> Labu sayong is associated with a dance called the sayong.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another dance local to the Malays of Perak is the bubu, known for 120 years, which originates from Tanjung Bidara Village on Tiga Parit Island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Cantonese opera once flourished in the town of Ipoh, as the majority of Chinese there were Cantonese.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The history of China, and particularly Hong Kong, is recreated in Qing Xin Ling Leisure and Cultural Village (nicknamed Little Guilin) in Ipoh, with painted wooden structures around a lake set among limestone hills and caves.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another ethnic Chinese cultural location in Perak is Bercham, originally called Wo Tau Kok in Cantonese in the 1950s. The area was formerly a tin mining centre, which also become one of the relocation points for Malayan ethnic Chinese during the British era under the government's Briggs Plan to protect and distance them from communist influence.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Perak's Malay, Chinese, and Indian communities, representing its three main ethnic groups, each have their own traditional arts and dance associations to maintain and preserve their respective cultural heritage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CuisineEdit
As a melting pot of different cultures, Perak features various cuisines. Lemang, a Malay delicacy made from glutinous rice cooked in a bamboo tube over a slow fire, is very popular in the state. It is mainly served during the festivities of Eid al-Fitr (Hari Raya Aidilfitri) and Eid al-Adha (Hari Raya Haji), along with rendang.<ref name="Perak cuisine">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The method of its preparation is believed to derive partly from the indigenous Orang Asli of Perak, explaining the origins of the dish. Another popular Malay delicacy is tempoyak, a durian extract that is preserved and kept in a traditional urn. It is commonly mixed with bird's eye chillies and eaten with other dishes.<ref name="Perak cuisine"/> Chinese cuisine is very common in Perak, because of the state's history of Chinese migration and trade relations over centuries. It was traditionally popular chiefly in Ipoh. Through over 2,000 years of contact with India, the influence of Indian cuisine also spread in Perak.<ref name="Perak cuisine"/> The state is particularly known as a producer of the Bali pomelo (limau bali). This fruit was introduced by Hugh Low, Perak's fourth British Resident, who brought seedlings from the neighbouring Dutch East Indies and distributed them both in Penang and in Perak (mainly in Tambun).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Other districts are also known for their agricultural production: Bidor for its guava, Hulu Perak (durian), Menglembu (groundnut), and Tapah (petai).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ipoh white coffee, a popular Malaysian drink, traces its origin to Ipoh.<ref name="Ipoh white coffee"/>
SportsEdit
Perak became a part of Malaya since 1957, and its athletes have represented Malaya, and later Malaysia, at the Summer Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games, and Southeast Asian Games. The Perak State Youth and Sports Department was established in 1964 to raise the standard of sports in the state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Perak hosted the Sukma Games in 1994 and 2018. The state has a number of sports complexes, located around Ipoh and in other districts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The state government allocates funds for sports development to each district-level sports association.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ipoh's Perak Stadium is the main stadium for Perak F.C. (formerly Perak FA). The team was formed in 1951, although the state had had a football team since 1921.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Perak F.C. won the Malaysia FA Cup in 1990 and 2004; the Malaysia Cup in 1926, 1931, 1957, 1967, 1970, 1998, 2000, and 2018; was runner-up in the Malaysia Super League in 2006–07 and 2018; and won the President Cup Malaysia in 2006–07, 2012 and 2014. The state women's football team was runner-up in the Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup in 1977, 1979 and 1992. Another notable stadium in the state is Naval Base Stadium in Lumut.
The annual field hockey tournament in Perak, the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, traced its roots to former state Sultan Azlan Shah, an avid fan of the sport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Perak was the first Malaysian state to introduce e-sports, in the Sukma Games. The state government is further targeting e-sports development with the increase in youth interest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Notable peopleEdit
- Hong Wai Onn, chartered chemical engineer and first Malaysian engineer granted the Freedom of the City of London<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
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External linksEdit
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