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Title

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A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify their generation, official position, military rank, professional or academic qualification, or nobility. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the first and last name (for example, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in German or clerical titles such as Cardinal in Catholic usage – Richard Cardinal Cushing). Some titles are hereditary.

TypesEdit

Template:Redirect Titles include:

Titles in English-speaking areasEdit

Common titlesEdit

  • Mr. – All males
  • Ms. – Adult women
  • Mrs. – Married women (includes widows and divorcées)
  • Miss – Unmarried women and girls (form of address)
  • Madam (also Madame and Ma'am) – Formal form of address for an adult woman. Also used with an official position, similar to "Mister" for men, e.g. "Madam/Mister Ambassador"
  • Mx. – Gender neutral or unspecified (may not be recognised in some places)

Controversy around usage of common titlesEdit

Some people object to the usage of titles to denote marital status, age or gender. In 2018, a campaign named GoTitleFree<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was launched to encourage businesses to stop requesting, storing and using marital status titles in their registration forms, and when speaking with customers, launched on the grounds that titles often lead to assumptions about a woman's age or availability for marriage, and exclude non-binary people (though various titles, such as Mx., are increasingly used in some countries). This is in line with established practice advocated by the World Wide Web Consortium<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Government Digital Service,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which sets the standard for UK government online services. This in turn means that titles are optional on UK passports and driving licences.

FamilialEdit

Family titles in English-speaking countries include:

  • Uncle – one's parent's brother (may also include great uncles)
  • Aunt or Aunty – one's parent's sister (may also include great aunts)
  • Granny, Gran, Grandma or Nana – one's grandmother (may also include great-grandmothers)
  • Pop, Grandpa, Gramps or Grandad – one's grandfather (may also include great-grandfathers)

Legislative and executive titlesEdit

Some job titles of members of the legislature and executive are used as titles.

Aristocratic titlesEdit

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  • Prince/Princess – From the Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'first person' or 'first citizen'. The title was originally used by Augustus at the establishment of the Roman Empire to avoid the political risk of assuming the title {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('King') in what was technically still a republic. In modern times, the title is often given to the sons and daughters of ruling monarchs. Also a title of certain ruling monarchs under the Holy Roman Empire and its subsidiary territories until 1918 which is still used in Liechtenstein (Monaco still uses the title Prince to this day, even though it was not a part of the Holy Roman Empire), and in Imperial Russia before 1917. The German title is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('first'), a translation of the Latin term;Template:Efn the equivalent Russian term is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration).
  • Archduke/Archduchess – A title derived from the Greek Template:Transliteration ('ruler; higher') and the Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('leader'). It was used most notably by the Habsburg Dynasty, who ruled Austria and Hungary until 1918.
  • Grand Duke/Grand Duchess – 'Big; large' + Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('leader'). A variant of Archduke, used particularly in English translations Romanov Dynasty Russian titles. Also used in various Germanic territories until World War I. Still survives in Luxembourg.
  • Duke/Duchess – From the Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a military title used in the Roman Empire, especially in its early Byzantine period when it designated the military commander for a specific zone.
  • Marquis, Marquess/Marquise, or Marchioness – From the French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, literally 'ruler of a border area' (from the Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning 'border'; exact English translation is 'March Lord', or 'Lord of the March'.
  • Count/Countess - From the Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning 'companion'. The word was used by the Roman Empire in its Byzantine period as an honorific with a meaning roughly equivalent to modern English peer. It became the title of those who commanded field armies in the Empire, as opposed to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which commanded locally based forces.
  • Earl (used in the United Kingdom instead of Count, but the feminine equivalent is Countess) – From the Germanic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'chieftain', the title was brought to the British Isles by the Anglo-Saxons and survives in use only there, having been superseded in Scandinavia and on the European continent.
  • Viscount/Viscountess - From the Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Deputy; substitute'. Hence vicar and prefix vice-) appended to Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Literally translates as 'Deputy Count'.
  • Baron/Baroness - From the Late Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'man, servant, soldier'. The title originally designated the chief feudal tenant of a place, who was in vassalage to a greater lord.

In the United Kingdom, Lord and Lady are used as titles for members of the nobility. Unlike titles such as Mr and Mrs, they are not used before first names except in certain circumstances, for example as courtesy titles for younger sons, etc., of peers. In Scotland, Lord of Parliament and Lady of Parliament are the equivalents of Baron and Baroness in England.

  • Lord – From the Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning, literally, 'bread-keeper', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('bread') + {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('guardian, keeper') and by extension 'husband, father, or chief'. (From which comes modified titles such as First Sea Lord and Lord of the Manor.) The feminine equivalent is Lady from the related Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning, literally, "bread-kneader", from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("bread") + {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("maid"), and by extension wife, daughter, or mistress of the house. (From which comes First Lady, the anachronistic Second Lady, etc.)
  • Emperor/Empress – From the Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'he/she who holds the authority to command ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})'.
  • King/Queen – Derived from Old Norse/Germanic words. The original meaning of the root of king apparently meant 'leader of the family' or 'descendant of the leader of the family', and the original meaning of queen meant 'wife'. By the time the words came into English they already meant 'ruler'.
  • Tsar/Tsarina (Tsaritsa) – Slavonic loan-word from Latin.
  • Caesar – The name of Julius Caesar taken by his heir Augustus and thereafter by Augustus' successors as Roman Emperor through the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Loaned into German as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
  • Leader – From Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "to guide". The head of state of North Korea is titled Great Leader. The de facto head of state of Iran is titled Supreme Leader.
  • Chief – A variation of the English "Prince", used as the short form of the word "Chieftain" (except for in Scotland, where "Chieftain" is a title held by a titleholder subordinate to a chief). Generally used to refer to a recognised leader within a chieftaincy system. From this come the variations paramount chief, clan chief and village chief. The feminine equivalent is Chieftess.
Male version Female version Realm Adjective Latin Examples
Pope n/aTemplate:Efn Papacy Papal lang}} Monarch of the Papal States and later Sovereign of the State of Vatican City
Emperor Empress Empire Template:Ubl lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Russia, First and Second French Empire, Austria, Mexican Empire, Empire of Brazil, German Empire (none left in Europe after 1918), Empress of India (ceased to be used after 1947 when India was granted independence from the British Empire), Japan (the only remaining enthroned emperor in the world).
King Queen Kingdom Royal lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) Common in larger sovereign states
Viceroy Vicereine Viceroyalty Viceroyal, Viceregal lang}} Historical: Spanish Empire (Peru, New Spain, Rio de la Plata, New Granada), Portuguese Empire (India, Brazil), British Empire
Grand Duke Grand Duchess Grand duchy Grand Ducal lang}} Today: Luxembourg; historical: Lithuania, Baden, Finland, Tuscany et al.
Archduke Archduchess Archduchy Archducal lang}} Historical: Unique only in Austria, Archduchy of Austria; title used for member of the Habsburg dynasty
Prince Princess Principality, Princely state Princely lang}} Today: Monaco, Liechtenstein, Asturies, Wales;Template:Efn Andorra (Co-Princes). Historical: Albania, Serbia
Duke Duchess Duchy Ducal lang}} Duke of Buccleuch, Duke of York, Duke of Devonshire et al.
Count Countess County Comital lang}} Most common in the Holy Roman Empire, translated in German as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; historical: Portugal, Barcelona, Brandenburg, Baden, numerous others
Baron Baroness Barony Baronial lang}} There are normal baronies and sovereign baronies, a sovereign barony being comparable to a principality; however, this is an historical exception: sovereign barons no longer have a sovereign barony, but only the title and style
Chief Chieftainess Chiefdom, Chieftaincy Chiefly lang}} The clan chiefs of Scotland, the grand chiefs in the Papua New Guinean honours system, the chief of the Cherokee nation, the chiefs of the Nigerian chieftaincy system, numerous others

Titles used by knights, dames, baronets and baronetessesEdit

Both the titles "Sir" and "Dame" differ from titles such as "Mr" and "Mrs" in that they can only be used before a person's first name, and not immediately before their surname. Neither "Sir" or "Dame" confer nobility upon the titleholder.

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (French)
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Italian)

Judicial titlesEdit

HistoricalEdit

Ecclesiastical titles (Christian)Edit

Titles are used to show somebody's ordination as a priest or their membership in a religious order. Use of titles differs between denominations.

ReligiousEdit

PriestsEdit

Christian priests often have their names prefixed with a title similar to The Reverend.

Used for deceased persons onlyEdit

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OtherEdit

Academic titlesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

  • Dr. – Short for doctor, a title used by those with doctoral degrees, such as PhD, DPhil, MD, DO, DDS, EdD, DCN, DBA, DNP, PharmD, DVM, and LLD. Those with JD degrees, although technically allowed, do not use this as a title by convention.
  • Prof. – Professor
  • Doc. – Docent
  • EUR ING – Short for European Engineer, an international professional qualification and title for highly qualified engineers used in over 32 European countries.

Military titlesEdit

Military ranks are used before names.

Maritime titlesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The names of shipboard officers, certain shipping line employees and Maritime Academy faculty/staff are preceded by their title when acting in performance of their duties.

  • Captain – a ship's highest responsible officer acting on behalf of the ship's owner (Master) or a person who is responsible for the maintenance of the vessels of a shipping line, for their docking, the handling of cargo and for the hiring of personnel for deck departments (Port Captain).
  • Chief – a licensed mariner in charge of the engineering (Chief Engineer) or deck (Chief Mate or Officer) department
  • Mate – licensed member of the deck department of a merchant ship (see Second Mate & Third Mate)
  • Cadet – unlicensed trainee mate/officer or engineer under training

Law enforcementEdit

The names of police officers may be preceded by a title such as "Officer" or by their rank.

Protected professional titlesEdit

In several jurisdictions, the use of some professional titles is restricted to people holding a valid and recognised license to practice. Unqualified individuals who use these reserved titles may be fined or jailed. Protected titles may be limited to those professions that require a bachelor's degree<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or higher and a state, provincial, or national license.

Usage varies between countries. For example, in the United Kingdom "nutritionist" and "psychologist",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news An article on unregulated psychologists acting as expert court witnesses.</ref> titles protected in many countries, are not protected, and anybody can so describe themselves, while "dietitian" and "chartered psychologist" (and many specialist psychologist terms) are protected. An international survey on the different protection of terms for psychologists found wide differences in regulations across different jurisdictions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Engineer (in Quebec)<ref name="Guide de pratique professionnelle">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other organizationsEdit

Some titles are used to show a person's role or position in a society or organization.

Some titles are used in English to refer to the position of people in foreign political systems

Non-English speaking areasEdit

Default titles in other languagesEdit

French German Dutch Spanish Italian Swedish Portuguese Greek Hindi
Male lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} (Template:Transliteration) Template:Transliteration
Female lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} Template:Transliteration
Unmarried female lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} Template:Transliteration

Martial artsEdit

  • Sensei - used for martial arts instructors
  • Senpai - used for junior karate instructors and karate instructors in training
  • Karate-ka - used for karate students
  • Judge - used for the judges and referees at martial arts tournaments
  • Master - used for kung-fu instructors or people who have studied the art their entire life

AcademicEdit

ReligiousEdit

Honorary titlesEdit

RulersEdit

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Historical titles for heads of stateEdit

The following are no longer officially in use, though some may be claimed by former regnal dynasties.

AppointedEdit
  • Caesar (an honorific family name passed through Roman emperors by adoption)
  • Legate
  • Satrap
  • Tetrarch
Elected or popularly declaredEdit
HereditaryEdit

When a difference exists below, male titles are placed to the left and female titles are placed to the right of the slash.

AristocraticEdit

Template:See also

HistoricalEdit

OtherEdit

HistoricalEdit

Post-nominal lettersEdit

Members of legislatures often have post-nominal letters expressing their membership.

University degreesEdit

  • Associate
    • AA – Associate of Arts
    • AAS – Associate of Applied Science
    • AS – Associate of Science
  • Bachelor
    • BA – Bachelor of Arts
    • BArch – Bachelor of Architecture
    • BBA – Bachelor of Business Administration
    • BSBA – Bachelor of Science of Business Administration
    • BBiotech – Bachelor of Biotechnology
    • BDS / BChD – Bachelor of Dental Surgery
    • BDentTech – Bachelor of Dental Technology
    • BDes – Bachelor of Design
    • BD / BDiv – Bachelor of Divinity
    • BEd – Bachelor of Education
    • BEng – Bachelor of Engineering
    • BEnvd – Bachelor of Environmental Design
    • BFA – Bachelor of Fine Arts
    • LLB – Bachelor of Laws
    • BMath – Bachelor of Mathematics
    • MB, ChB / MB, BS / BM, BCh / MB, BChir – Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
    • BMus – Bachelor of Music
    • BN – Bachelor of Nursing
    • BPhil – Bachelor of Philosophy
    • STB – Bachelor of Sacred Theology
    • BSc – Bachelor of Science
    • BSN – Bachelor of Science in Nursing
    • BSW – Bachelor of Social Work
    • BTh / ThB – Bachelor of Theology
    • BVSc – Bachelor of Veterinary Science
  • Designer [Dz]
  • Doctor
    • DA – Doctor of Arts
    • DBA – Doctor of Business Administration
    • D.D. – Doctor of Divinity
    • Ed.D. – Doctor of Education
    • EngD or DEng – Doctor of Engineering
    • DFA – Doctor of Fine Arts
    • DMA – Doctor of Musical Arts
    • D.Min. – Doctor of Ministry
    • D.Mus. – Doctor of Music
    • D.Prof – Doctor of Professional Studies
    • DPA – Doctor of Public Administration
    • D.Sc. – Doctor of Science
    • JD – Doctor of Jurisprudence
    • LL.D. – Doctor of Laws
    • MD – Doctor of Medicine
    • DO – Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
    • Pharm.D. – Doctor of Pharmacy
    • Ph.D. / D.Phil. – Doctor of Philosophy
    • PsyD – Doctor of Psychology
    • SJD – Doctor of Juridical Science
    • Th.D. – Doctor of Theology
    • Doctorates within the field of medicine:
  • Master
    • MArch – Master of Architecture
    • MA – Master of Arts
    • MAL – Master of Liberal Arts
    • MBA – Master of Business Administration
    • MPA – Master of Public Administration
    • MPS – Master of Public Service
    • MPl – Master of Planning
    • MChem – Master in Chemistry
    • MC – Master of Counselling
    • M. Des – Master of Design
    • M.Div. – Master of Divinity
    • MDrama – Master of Drama
    • MDS – Master of Dental Surgery
    • MEd – Master of Education
    • MET – Master of Educational Technology
    • MEng – Master of Engineering
    • MFA – Master of Fine Arts
    • MHA – Master of Healthcare Administration
    • MHist – Master of History
    • MLitt - Master of Letters
    • LL.M. – Master of Law
    • MLA – Master of Landscape Architecture
    • MMath – Master of Mathematics
    • MPhil – Master of Philosophy
    • MRes – Master of Research
    • MSc – Master of Science
    • MScBMC – Master of Biomedical Communications
    • MPhys – Master of Physics
    • MPharm – Master of Pharmacy
    • MPH – Master of Public Health
    • MSBA - Master of Science in Business Analytics
    • MSE – Master of Science in Engineering
    • MSRE – Master of Science in Real Estate
    • MSN – Master of Science in Nursing
    • MSW – Master of Social Work
    • Magister – Magister
    • S.T.M. – Master of Sacred Theology
    • MTh/Th.M. – Master of Theology
    • MURP – Master of Urban and Regional Planning

See alsoEdit

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

External linksEdit

Template:Personal names Template:Social titles

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