Voiced velar plosive

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox IPA

The voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.

Some languages have the voiced pre-velar plosive,<ref>Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".</ref> which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive.

Conversely, some languages have the voiced post-velar plosive,<ref>Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".</ref> which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.

IPA symbolEdit

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is g. Strictly, the IPA symbol is the so-called single-storey G File:Opentail g.svg, but the double-storey G File:Looptail g.svg is considered an acceptable alternative. The Unicode character Template:Unichar renders as either a single-storey G or a double-storey G depending on font; the character Template:Unichar is always a single-storey G, but it is generally available only in fonts supporting the IPA Extensions Unicode character block.

FeaturesEdit

File:Voiced velar plosive.svg

Features of the voiced velar stop:

Template:Plosive Template:Velar Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

VarietiesEdit

IPA	Description
{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	plain ɡ
{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	breathy ɡ
{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	palatalized ɡ
{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	labialized ɡ
{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	ɡ with no audible release
{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	voiceless ɡ
{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	tense ɡ

OccurrenceEdit

Of the six stops that would be expected from the most common pattern worldwide—that is, three places of articulation plus voicing ({{#invoke:IPA|main}})—{{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are the most frequently missing, being absent in about 10% of languages that otherwise have this pattern. Absent stop {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is an areal feature (see also Voiceless bilabial stop). Missing {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, (when the language uses voicing to contrast stops) on the other hand, is widely scattered around the world, for example /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Belarusian, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, Czech, and Slovak and occurs only in borrowed words in those languages. A few languages, such as Modern Standard Arabic and part of the Levantine dialects (e.g. Lebanese and Syrian), are missing both, although most of the other Arabic dialects have {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in their native phonemic systems as a reflex of Template:Angbr or less commonly of Template:Angbr.

It seems that {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is somewhat more difficult to articulate than the other basic stops. Ian Maddieson speculates that this may be due to a physical difficulty in voicing velars: Voicing requires that air flow into the mouth cavity, and the relatively small space allowed by the position of velar consonants means that it will fill up with air quickly, making voicing difficult to maintain in {{#invoke:IPA|main}} for as long as it is in {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. This could have two effects: {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} might become confused, and the distinction is lost, or perhaps a {{#invoke:IPA|main}} never develops when a language first starts making voicing distinctions. With uvulars, where there is even less space between the glottis and tongue for airflow, the imbalance is more extreme: Voiced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is much rarer than voiceless {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>WALS Online : Chapter 5 – Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Template:Webarchive</ref>

In many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, plain [g] and aspirated [g^h] are in contrastive distribution.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		lang}}/ažëga	main}}	'shovel'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe	Shapsug	lang}}/gägwaĺa	Template:Audio-IPA	'toy'	main}} in other dialects.
Adyghe	Temirgoy	lang}}/ čëgë	Template:Audio-IPA	'tree'	main}} in other dialects.
Albanian		lang}}	main}}	'donkey'
Arabic Template:Sfnp	Moroccan	Template:Script/Arabic / ʾagādīr	main}}	'Agadir'
	Tunisian	Template:Script/Arabic / gafṣa	Template:Audio-IPA	'Gafsa'	See Tunisian arabic phonology
	Hejazi	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} / gamar	main}}	'moon'	Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic.
	Najdi		main}}
	Sa'idi		main}}
	Yemeni	lang}} / gāl	main}}	'(he) said'	Pronunciation of Template:Angbr in San'ani and Hadhrami dialects
	Yemeni	lang}} / gamal	main}}	'camel'	Pronunciation of Template:Angbr in Ta'izzi-Adeni and Tihami dialects
	Egyptian	lang}} / rāgel	main}}	'man'	See Egyptian arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern Template:Sfnp	lang}}/gandz	Template:Audio-IPA	'treasure'
Assyrian		lang}}	main}}	'self'	main}} in Urmia, some Tyari and Jilu dialects.
Azerbaijani		lang}} / قارا	main}}	'black'
Basque		lang}}	main}}	'lose'
Bengali		গান/gan	main}}	'song'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian		гора/gora	main}}	'forest'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'glove'	See Catalan phonology
Chechen		lang}}/gowr	main}}	'horse'
Czech		lang}}	main}}	'gram'	See Czech phonology
Danish	StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'happiness'	main}} in the intervocalic position. More often voiceless Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
Dutch	All dialects	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'tissue'	Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}, occurring only before voiced consonants in native words. See Dutch phonology
	StandardTemplate:Sfnp	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'tissue'
	Many speakers	goal	Template:Audio-IPA	'goal'	Only in loanwords. Some speakers may realize it as Template:IPAblink ~ Template:IPAblink ~ Template:IPAblink ~ Template:IPAblink (like a normal Dutch Template:Angbr), or as Template:IPAblink.
	Amelands	goëd	main}}	'good'
English		lang}}	main}}	'gaggle'	See English phonology
Filipino		lang}}	main}}	'commotion'
French Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'earnings'	See French phonology
Georgian Template:Sfnp		lang}}/guli	main}}	'heart'
German		lang}}	main}}	'lie'	See Standard German phonology
Greek		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'donkey's bray'	See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati		lang}}/gávu	main}}	'to sing'	See Gujarati phonology
Hebrew		{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}/gav	main}}	'back'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'song'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian		lang}}	main}}	'permission'	See Hungarian phonology
Irish		lang}}	main}}	'sand'	See Irish phonology
Italian Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'competitions'	[g] is represented by letter G when followed by vowels [a], [o] [u], while when in front of vowels [i], [e] and [ɛ], the pronunciation changes to d͡ʒ, for the phoneme [g] to appear on the vowels [i], [e] and [ɛ], the GH digraph is used.
Japanese Template:Sfnp		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'overcoat'	See Japanese phonology
Kabardian	Baslaney	lang}}/ gäna	Template:Audio-IPA	'shirt'	main}} in other dialects.
Kagayanen Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'spirit'
Khmer		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'gas'	See Khmer phonology
Korean		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'catfish'	See Korean phonology
Limburgish		zegke	main}}	'say'	Common. Example from the Weert dialect.
Lithuanian		garai	main}}	'steam'	See Lithuanian phonology
Luxembourgish Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'gone about'	More often voiceless Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian		lang}}/grom	main}}	'thunder'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		lang}}	main}}	'sack'
Marathi		lang}}	main}}	'grass'	See Marathi phonology
Nepali		lang}}	main}}	'village'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian		lang}}	main}}	'gold'	See Norwegian phonology
Odia		ଗଛ/gočho	main}}	'tree'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Persian		گوشت/guşt	main}}	'meat'
Polish Template:Sfnp		lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'plebs'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'tongue'	See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਗਾਂ/gaa	main}}	'cow'
Romanian<ref>DEX Online : [1]</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'thought'	See Romanian phonology
Russian Template:Sfnp		lang}}/golova	Template:Audio-IPA	'head'	See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian Template:Sfnp		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'guest'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		lang}}	main}}	'lymph'	See Slovak phonology
Slovene		lang}}	main}}	'guest'	See Slovene phonology
Somali		lang}}	main}}	'to shorten'	See Somali phonology
Southern Min	Hokkien	我/góa	main}}	'I'
Spanish Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'cat'	See Spanish phonology
Swahili		lang}}	main}}	'darkness'	See Swahili phonology
Swedish		lang}}	main}}	'tasty'	May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
Telugu		lang}}	main}}	'Floor'	contrasts with aspirated form (which is articulated as breathy consonant).
Turkish		lang}}	main}}	'epidemic'	See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian Template:Sfnp		lang}} / ganok	main}}	'porch'	See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh		gwyn	[ɡwɪn] or [ɡwɨ̞n]	'white'	See Welsh phonology
West Frisian		lang}}	main}}	'buckle' (n.)	See West Frisian phonology
Wu	Shanghainese	狂/guaon⁶	[ɡuɑ̃²³]	'crazy'
Xiang		共/wong	main}}	'together'
Yi		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'hear'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan Template:Sfnp	gan	main}}	'will be able'	main}} may be lenited to {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}